PARALLELOGRAMS

Quadrilaterals

Quadrilateral – is a four- sided polygon, having four edges and four corners.
Kinds of Quadrilaterals

Definitions of Different Quadrilaterals and Its Related Terms

• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
• A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles.
• A square is a rectangle with four congruent sides.
• A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.
• A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.
 Kinds of Quadrilaterals

• Supplementary angles - two angles

whose sum of the measures is 180°.
example: ∠A (118°) + ∠B (62°) = 180°
• Complementary angles - two angles
whose sum of the measures is 90°.
• Consecutive angles are
supplementary.
• Diagonal line - is a straight line that
connects the opposite corners of a
polygon through its vertices.
Direction: Refer to the given figure at the right and answer the following.

𝐇𝐓
△HAT
𝐒𝐓
△ TAM
MAH
=100
=80
7
6
4.5
Application of Parallelograms
Application of Parallelograms

Example 1: Given: = (3x + 5) cm, =

(2y – 7) cm,
= (x + 7) cm, and
= (y + 3) cm.

A. What is the value of x?

B. How long is ?
C. What is the value of y?
D. How long is ?
Application of Parallelograms

A. What is the value of x?

=
(3x + 5) = (x + 7) Write the equation.
3x = x + 7 – 5 Combine like terms.
3x – x = 2
2x = 2
Simplify.
x=1
Application of Parallelograms

B. How long is ?
= (3x + 5) cm Measure of side CD.
= [3(1) + 5] cm Substitute the value of x.
= (3 + 5) cm Simplify.
= 8 cm
Application of Parallelograms

C. What is the value of y?

=
(y + 3) = (2y – 7) Write the equation.
y – 2y = -7 – 3 Combine the like terms.
-y = -10
(-y = -10) -1 Simplify.
y = 10 cm
Application of Parallelograms

D. How long is ?
= (y + 3) cm Measure of side CF.
= (10 + 3) cm Substitute the value of y.
= 13 cm Simplify.
Triangle Congruence
METHODS THAT PROVE TRIANGLES CONGRUENT

1. SSS (side-side-side)
If three sides of a triangle are congruent to three sides of another triangle,
the triangles are congruent.
METHODS THAT PROVE TRIANGLES CONGRUENT

2. ASA (angle-side-angle)
If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
METHODS THAT PROVE TRIANGLES CONGRUENT

3. SAS (side-angle-side)
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
METHODS THAT PROVE TRIANGLES CONGRUENT

4. AAS (angle-angle-side)
If two angles and the non-included side of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
METHODS THAT PROVE TRIANGLES CONGRUENT

5. HL (Hypotenuse-leg)
If the hypotenuse and the leg of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
METHODS THAT PROVE TRIANGLES CONGRUENT

6. CPCTC (corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent)

Once triangles are proven congruent, the corresponding leftover parts that
were not used in SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS and HL are also congruent
 
Similarities
SIMILARITIES

• A ratio is a comparison of two numbers.

• The ratio of two numbers a and b where b is not equal to zero can be
written in three ways: a:b, a/b and a to b.
• A proportion is a statement of equality between two ratios. In the
proportion a: b = c:d or = , a, b, c, and d are called the terms of the
proportion.
SIMILARITIES

• In a proportion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product of

the means. In the proportion a: b = c:d , the extremes are a and d and
the means are b and c, hence, ad = bc.
• In the proportion = , the terms a and d are the extremes; the terms b
and c are the means.
SIMILARITIES

• The product in of means and extremes are equal. We can get an

equivalent result using a technique called cross multiplication.
SIMILARITIES

Example:
Express the ratio in simplest form
Solution:
Divide the numerator and the denominator by their GCF (Greatest
Common Factor), 4.


The ratio in simplest form is or 3:4.

SIMILARITIES

Example:
The measures of two complementary angles are in the ratio 1:2. Find
the measure of each angle.
 
Solution:
Representation: Let x = the measure one angle
90 – x = the measure of its complement
Proportion:
x: (90 – x) = 1:2 or
SIMILARITIES

Proportion:

x : (90 - x) = 1:2
1(90 – x) = 2(x)
90 – x = 2x
-x – 2x = - 90
(-3x = -90) ÷ -3
x = 30 measure of one angle
90 – x = 60 measure of its complement
SIMILARITIES

Example:
The measure of two supplementary angles are in the ratio 2:3. Find the
measure of each angle.

Solution:
Representation: Let x = the measure of one angle
180 – x = the measure of its supplement
Proportion:
x : (180 – x) = 2 : 3 or
SIMILARITIES

Proportion:

x:(180-x) = 2:3
2(180-x) = 3(x)
360 – 2x = 3x
-2x –3x = -360
(-5x = -360) ÷ -5
x = 72 the measure of one angle
180 – x = 108 the measure of its supplement
Pythagorean Theorem
INTRODUCTION

Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher

who made important developments in
mathematics, astronomy, and the theory of
music.
The theorem now known as
Pythagoras's theorem was known to the
Babylonians 1000 years earlier but he may
have been the first to prove it.
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Pythagoras' Theorem relates the length of the

hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle to the
lengths of the other two sides.
c2 = a 2 + b 2
 PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Definition of Terms:
a. Pythagorean Theorem – theorem that
says in any right triangle, the sum of the
squares of the legs is equal to the square
of the hypotenuse.
b. Legs (of a right triangle) – two shorter
sides of a right triangle.
c. Hypotenuse (of a right triangle) – the
longest side of a right triangle.
 PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Example 1:
Determine the measure of the missing side:
(Hypotenuse)
(Leg) x
Solution:
10 m
Step 1: Write down the formula
c2 = a2 + b2
Step 2: Substitute
c2 = 102 + 132 (Leg)
13 m
c2 = 100 + 169
c2 = 269
c = √269
c = 16.4012
 PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Example 2 : Determine the measure of the

missing side:

Solution: (Leg) (Hypotenuse)

Step 1: Write down the formula x 20 cm
c2 = a2 + b2
Step 2: Substitute
202 = 122 + x2
400 = 144 + x2
56 = x2 (Leg)
12 m
√56 = x
7.4833 = x (or 7.48)
3rd Quarter Exam Coverage

Test I : Multiple Choice (All topics)

Test II : About Parallelogram Part I
Test III : About Similarities
Test IV : About Pythagorean Theorem Part II (with solutions)
Test V : About Application of Parallelogram