There is a system in naming organic compounds.

Such system is set by the

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or IUPAC (pronounced as (eye-
you-pac)
The alcohol functional group consists of carbon bonded to an –OH group
or hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl group includes an oxygen atom
(attached to one of the carbon atoms in a molecule),
to which a single hydrogen atom is also attached.
Ethers are characterized by an oxygen atom connected to hydrocarbon groups (-C-O-C-).

An important ether is diethyl ether, CH3 CH2 OCH2 CH3 , used as anaesthetic for surgery.

Ethers do not have H in the –C-O-C- group. This means that it cannot form hydrogen
bonds with other ether molecules.
In the aldehyde functional group, the carbonyl C is bonded to H (and often
to another C). An aldehyde’s functional group is usually represented by –
CHO in condensed formulas. The simplest aldehyde is formaldehyde, HCHO.
In the ketone functional group, a carbonyl C is bonded to two other C atoms.

Acetone, the most common ketone.

Carboxylic acids is a class of functional groups having a carboxyl group, -COOH.

A carboxyl group has a carbonyl and hydroxyl group both linked to a carbon atom.
An ester is a derivative of carboxylic acid. It can be prepared by reacting an
alcohol with a carboxylic acid.

Esters occur naturally as flavouring agents and scents in plants and fruits.
They are also found in animal fats and plant oils.
Amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms are
replaced by an alkyl group. The amine functional group is –NH2 . The amine
group includes a nitrogen atom connected to hydrogen atoms by single bonds.

The very small amines like methylamine and ethylamine smell very similar to
ammonia. As the amines get bigger, they tend to smell more fishy.”
Amides are derived from carboxylic acids. In forming an amide, the –OH group of
the carboxylic acid is replaced by an – NH2 group. Thus, amides contain the –
CONH2 group.
An example is ethanamide or acetamide, CH3 CONH2.
It is used in the production of explosives.