UNIT - 1

INTRODUCTION
The meaning and origin of CIM - the changing manufacturing and
management scene - External communication - islands of
automation and software-dedicated and open systems -
manufacturing automation protocol - product related activities of a
company - marketing engineering - production planning - plant
operations - physical distribution - business and financial
management.
Introduction:
Computer integrated manufacturing(CIM) is a broad term covering
all technologies and soft automation used to manage the resources
for cost effective production of tangible goods.
 Integration – capital, human, technology and equipment
 CIM – which orchestrates the factors of production and its
management.
Definition of CIM:
One needs to think of CIM as a computer system in which the
peripherals, instead of being printers, plotters, terminals and
memory disks are robots, machine tools and other processing
equipment. It is a little noisier and a little messier, but it’s basically
a computer system.
- Joel Goldhar, Dean, Illinois Institute of Technology
CIM is a management philosophy, not a turnkey computer product.
It is a philosophy crucial to the survival of most manufacturers
because it provides the levels of product design and production
control and shop flexibility to compete in future domestic and
international markets.
- Dan Appleton
CIM is an opportunity for realigning your two most fundamental
resources: people and technology. CIM is a lot more than the
integration of mechanical, electrical, and even informational
systems. It’s an understanding of the new way to manage.
- Charles Savage, president, Savage Associates

CIM is nothing but a data management and networking problem.

- Jack Conaway, CIM marketing manager, DEC
Concept or Technology:
Some people view CIM as a concept, while others merely as a
technology. It is actually both.
A good analogy of CIM is man, for what we mean by the word
man presupposes both the mind and the body.
Similarly, CIM represents both the concept and the technology.
The concept leads to the technology which, in turn, broadens the
concept.
- According to Vajpayee
Meaning and origin of CIM:
The term computer-integrated manufacturing was coined by Dr. Joseph Harrington in his 1974 book
bearing that name. Until the 1970s, the most aggressive and successful automation was seen in
production operations. Discrete parts manufacturing used highly mechanized machines that were
driven and controlled by cams and complex devices such as automatic screw machines. Process
manufacturers made use of these cam-driven controllers and limit switches for operations such as
heat treating, filling and canning, bottling, and weaving states Robert Thacker of the Society of
Manufacturing Engineers. The historical approach to automation focused on individual activities that
result in the incorporation of large amounts of computerized activities. In the 1980s, managing
information became an important issue.
Manufacturing automation protocol (MAP):
• Specifically developed for computer communications in a factory environment
• 1980 GM decides to begin development of a networking protocol for the high
data rates expected, while improving noise immunity. This scheme was expected
to provide a common standard for all equipment to simplify integration.
• Problems,
• Difficulties have arisen getting Countries and Vendors to agree on specific standards
• Standards are so broad that they have become very complex and hard to develop
hardware and software for, thus driving up the costs
• Versions 2.1 and 2.2 left the application layer under-defined, but a new effort in version
3.0 to define the application layer. This has lead to even higher levels of disagreement.
• The MAP Protocol is not clearly defined in a single document
• In 1985 GM realized that it couldn’t meet its needs for CIM. Only 15% of the
40,000 programmable devices could communicate.
• No single vendor could meet all the needs, and multiple vendors caused
communication incompatibilities.
Manufacturing automation protocol
(MAP):
Network types: 1. LAN
2. MAN
3. WAN
A network architecture describes the components, the functions performed,
and the interfaces and interactions between the components of a network. It
encompasses hardware, software, standards, data link controls, topologies, and
protocols. It defines the function, and interactions among three types of
components.

 Network hardware, components such as cables, modems, communications

controllers, and adapter cards.

 Communication software modules, which establish and monitor sessions

between remotely located processes, and allow exchange of data and control
messages.

 Application programs (user processes) that uses the networks.

Protocols in the network system are a set of instructions to exchange the information
between two devices.

• A protocol specifies the message format and the rules for interpreting and
reacting to messages.

• The open system interconnection (OSI) reference model proposed by the

International Standards Organization (ISO) incorporates a framework for modeling
communication protocols.

• communication process is divided into several layers by ISO/OSI

• the physical layer, the data layer, the network layer, the transport layer, the
session layer, the presentation layer and the application layer.

• lower four layers are responsible for the transfer of information between
applications
• upper three layers support the applications
Product related activities of a company:
1. Marketing:
Sales and customer order servicing.

2. Engineering:
 Research and product development.
 Manufacturing development
 Design.
 Engineering release and control.
 Manufacturing engineering.
 Facilities engineering.
 Industrial engineering.
3. Production planning:
 Master production scheduling.

 Material planning and resource planning.

 Purchasing.
 Production control.

4. Plant operations:
Production management and control.
Material receiving.
Storage and inventory.
Manufacturing processes.
Test and inspection.
Material transfer.
Packing, dispatch and shipping.
Plant site service and maintenance.
5. Physical distribution:
 Physical distribution planning.
 Physical distribution operations.
 Warranties, servicing and spares.

6. Business and financial management:

 Company services.
 Payroll.
 Accounts payable, billing and accounts receivable.