1.

5 FORCES
Define FORCE:
Force is a push or a pull.

EFFECTS OF FORCES:

 Start motion
 Stop a motion
 Increase the speed of motion (accelerate)
 Decrease the speed of motion (decelerate)
 Change the direction
 Change the shape
Examples of Forces
• Gravitational Force – weight (vertically down )
• Frictional Force - opposite to motion, between two surfaces
rubbing against each other
• Extension Force - in a spring pulled outward
• Compressive force- in a spring pushed inward
• Normal Contact Force – perpendicular to surface in contact
• Air Resistance or Drag – friction in a fluid ( increases with speed)
• Applied Force (push/pull)
• Upthrust – bouyacy in a fluid (upward direction)
• Tension – when pulled with a rope or string
• Electrostatic force (between charges)
• Magnetic force (between magnetic poles )
Type of Force (and Description of Force
Symbol)
  An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person or another object. If a person is pushing a desk
Applied Force  across the room, then there is an applied force acting upon the object. The applied force is the force exerted on
the desk by the person.
Fapp
  The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other massively large object attracts another
Gravity Force  object towards itself. By definition, this is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth experience a force of
gravity that is directed "downward" towards the center of the earth. The force of gravity on earth is always
(also known as Weight)  equal to the weight of the object as found by the equation:
Fgrav Fgrav = m * g where g = 9.8 N/kg (on Earth)and m = mass (in kg)
(Caution: do not confuse weight with mass.)

Normal Force  The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object. For
Fnorm example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order
to support the weight of the book. On occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontally between two objects that
are in contact with each other. For instance, if a person leans against a wall, the wall pushes horizontally on the
person.

Friction Force  The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or makes an effort to move across
Ffrict it. There are at least two types of friction force - sliding and static friction. Though it is not always the case, the
friction force often opposes the motion of an object. For example, if a book slides across the surface of a desk,
then the desk exerts a friction force in the opposite direction of its motion. Friction results from the two surfaces
being pressed together closely, causing intermolecular attractive forces between molecules of different surfaces.
As such, friction depends upon the nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are pressed
together.

Air Resistance Force  The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts upon objects as they travel through the air. The
Fair force of air resistance is often observed to oppose the motion of an object. This force will frequently be
neglected due to its negligible magnitude (and due to the fact that it is mathematically difficult to predict its
value). It is most noticeable for objects that travel at high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or for
objects with large surface areas.

Tension Force  The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by
Ftens forces acting from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on
the objects on the opposite ends of the wire.

Spring Force  The spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object that is attached to it.
Fspring An object that compresses or stretches a spring is always acted upon by a force that restores the object to its rest
or equilibrium position. For most springs (specifically, for those that are said to obey "Hooke's Law"), the
magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the amount of stretch or compression of the spring.
 When forces are acting upon an object,
Types of Forces there are two possibilities.

When the forces acting upon an object

1.Balanced are balanced , the object either
Forces continues to move in the same direction
with the same velocity. An object that is
stationary will remain stationary.

When the forces acting upon an object

2.Unbalance are unbalanced then object moving
d Forces could speed up, slow down or change
direction. An object that is stationary
could begin to move.
 Newton’s First Law

“Every body will continue in its state of

rest or uniform motion (constant speed)
along a straight line unless compelled
by an external resultant force”
 Applications of 1st Law
1. Definition of INERTIA:
It is the tendency of a body to continue in the state of rest or uniform
motion (constant speed) along a straight line.
OR
It is the inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform
motion along a straight line by itself.
Eg: seat belts, person falling while jumping out of running bus
 Note:
Inertia depends on mass.
As mass increases, inertia will also increase.
Eg:
A truck, a car and a bike are stopped at the red signal. When the
signal turns green, the bike will take off first followed by the car and
then the truck.
Speed limits are less for heavy vehicles.
2. Action of an external resultant force

 An external resultant force can do the following

 It can start motion All these will result

 It can Stop a motion in change in
 It can Increase the speed of motion (accelerate) velocity
 It can Decrease the speed of motion (decelerate)
 It can Change the direction of motion

 An external resultant force causes a change in velocity by

which it produces acceleration or deceleration
 If the resultant force is in the direction of motion, the body
accelerate.
 If the force is in the opposite direction of motion, the body
decelerate
 If the resultant force is perpendicular to the direction of
motion the object takes a turn ( change in direction )
without change in speed. ( that means it accelerates without
change in speed)
 NEWTONS SECOND LAW
 The external resultant force acting on a body is directly
proportional to its acceleration.

Force ∞ Acceleration [When force increase

acceleration increase proportionately]
F∞ a
F= m xa
Unit= (N) ( kg) (m/s2)
‘m’ is a constant ( mass)
Define force of 1N:
F= m x a
When m =1kg and a= 1 m/s2
F = 1kg X 1m/s2
F = 1N
1N force produce an acceleration of 1m/s2 on a body of mass 1kg.