Signals and Systems

Lecture 1
 Signals and Systems
• Signal: Function of one or more independent variable that
contains information about the behavior or nature of some
phenomenon
System: Process or mechanism that responds to particular signals
(inputs) and produces other signals or desired behavior (outputs)
R₁ R₁

i₀ i₀

Vᵢ R₂ V₀ E Vᵢ R₂ V₀
 Example 1
R₁

i₀ 𝑋 ( 𝑡 )=𝑉 𝑖 (𝑡), 𝑌 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑉 0 (𝑡)

Vᵢ R₂ V₀ X(t) 𝒀 (𝒕 ) 𝑹𝟐 Y(t)
=
𝑿 (𝒕 ) 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

𝑋 ( 𝑡 )=𝑉 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) , 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) =𝐼 0 (𝑡)

X(t) 𝒀 (𝒕 ) 𝟏 Y(t)
=
𝑿 (𝒕 ) 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
 Example 2
R₁

i₀
E V₀
Vᵢ R₂

(t)

𝑑𝑌 (𝑡 )
𝑌 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑅1 𝐶1 = 𝑋 (𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
) X(t) 𝒅𝒚 (𝒕 ) Y(t)
𝒀 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝑹 𝟏 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑿 (𝒕 )
𝒅𝒕
 Applications
• Electrical Engineering
voltages/currents in a circuit
speech signals
image signals

• Physics
radiation

• Biomedicine
EEG, ECG, MRI, X-Rays, Ultrasounds

• Seismology
tectonic plate movement, earthquake prediction

• Economics
5
stock market data
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Data

6
Stock Market Data

7
Satellite image
Volcano Kamchatka Peninsula,
Russia

8
Medical Images:
MRI of normal brain

9
Medical Images:
X-ray knee

10
Medical Images: Ultrasound
Five-month Fetus (lungs, liver and bowel)

11