Reproduction in Organisms

Types of reproduction
Binary Fission
Multiple fission
Encystation and sporulation
Budding in unicellular organisms
Budding in multicellular organisms
• Yeast forms a chain of buds before detaching
from each other, hydra bud detaches as soon
as it matures.
• Parental identity is lost in case of yeast
budding, in hydra parental identity is retained.
• Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple
plants such as algae reproduce through special
asexual reproductive structures (conidia,
zoospores, gemmules)
gemmule
Fragmentation
 Vegetative propagation in plants
• In plants, the units of vegetative propagation
such as runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset,
bulb are all capable of giving rise to new
offspring. These structures are called
vegetative propagules.
 Runner
• Runner—is a slender stem that grows
horizontally along the ground, giving rise to
adventitious roots and aerial (vertical)
branches at specialized points called nodes.
 OFFSET
• Offsets are short, lateral shoots, bearing
clustered leaves at the tips, and with one
internode.
 Difference between runner and offset

•  a shoot that grows along the ground and

produces roots at its nodes is a runner 
• while offset is a short prostrate shoot that
takes root and produces a tuft of leaves, etc.
 Sucker
• A sucker is a subaerial shoot that develops
from the underground stem and emerges
from the soil usually near the parent plant.
 Corm
• Corm are vertical, fleshy, underground stem
that acts as a food-storage structure in certain
seed plants.
 Rhizome
• A Rhizome is actually a stem commonly growing
underground, that produces roots and stem shoots
along its length from nodes.
• When cut into pieces, each piece of the Rhizome can
potentially grow into a new plant.
 Tubers
• Tubers, such as potatoes, are fleshy
underground storage structures composed of
enlarged parts of the stem.
 Bulb

• Bulbs are food storage units for future

developing plants. Bulbs contain several buds
near the node, which is where leaves are
produced. These new buds can eventually
develop into new plants.
 Vegetative propagation through leaves
• This is a form of asexual reproduction in which new
plants grow from the buds growing on the margin of
the leaves. These buds are reproductive in nature
and when they fall on the ground they germinate and
form a new plant. EX- BRYOPHYLLUM, BEGONIA
Vegetative propagation through Roots
•  Modified tuberous roots can
be propagated vegetatively, when planted in
soil. The buds present on the roots grow as
leafy shoots 
 ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION

• CUTTING
• LAYERING
• GRAFTING
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• STAGES:
• Juvenile phase / Vegetative phase: The juvenile
phase: All organism has to attain a certain stage
of growth and maturity before the can
reproduce. This is called juvenile phase.
• The vegetative phase: the period of growth or
the period before reproductive phase in plants is
termed as vegetative phase. both the phases is
followed by Reproductive phase.
 Reproduction phase
• Annual
• Biennial
• Perennial
• Seasonal breeders are animal species that
successfully mate during the certain times of
the year.
• These times of the year enhance the survival
of the young ones due to the factors such as
availability of the food and water, surrounding
temperature and changes in predation
behavior of other species.
Example- birds, dogs
• Continuous breeders are the animal species
that can breed or mate throughout the year.
• In continuous breeders the males and the
females are sexually receptive and capable of
mating irrespective of the season.
• Example –humans
• In non-primate mammals like cows, sheep,
rats, deers, dogs, tiger, etc., cyclical changes
during reproduction are called oestrus cycle
• In primates (monkeys, apes, and humans) it is
called menstrual cycle.
 Events of sexual reproduction
• Pre-fertilisation: gametogenesis and gamete
transfer
• Fertilisation : syngamy
• Post-fertilisation : zygote formation and
embryo development
• BISEXUAL/ HOMOTHALLIC/ MONOECIOUS

• UNISEXUAL/ HETEROTHALLIC/ DIOECIOUS