Impact of development on the

quality of Environment
Impact of development
Urbanization Industrialization
Cities as an Ecosyste Air Pollution
m Water Pollution
Natural environment Thermal Pollution
Lithologic Env. Noise Pollution
Atmospheric Env.
Hydrologic Env.
Biologic Env.
Cities as an Ecosystem
Biotic components:
Man and selected living organisms
Abiotic components:
Urban environment
Cities as an Ecosystem
Urbanization involve the modification of the
environment or/and the impact of the
environment
The physical environment may influence the
form, functions and growth of the city.
A change in either the urban environment or
the urban man will affect the other
component of the urban ecosystem.
Cities as an Ecosystem
It is an Open system
Cannot self-contained
Cannot function in isolation from the other
parts of the world
Depends on external food supply and
investment
The change of it will affect the region, the
country and the rest of the world
Impact on the lithologic Env.
1. Landslide from cleaning or building on
unstable slope
2. Ground subsidence
Presence of heavy structural loads
Pumping underground water
Impact on the Lithologic Env.
3. Impact of the soil
Covered by metropolitan structures
(cement)
Mineral materials excavated from the
earth for construction demands
Soil erosion and sedimentation
Contamination of soil
Impact on the lithologic Env.
4. Change in relief
Remolding of the land by cutting and
filling
Disposal of waste
• Refuse dump
• Dust deposition from settlement
Impact on the atmospheric Env.
Atmos. Comp CO, CO2 200x+, 2x
osition SO2 200x
TSP 3x to 7x
Radiation Sunshine duration -5 to 15%
Temperature Winter minimum + 1 to 2 degre
e
Wind speed Annual mean -20 to 30%
Fog Winter + 100%
Summer + 30%
Precipitation Total + 5 to 10%
Impact on the atmospheric Env.
City Climate
1. Temperature  (Heat Island)
2. Visibility 
3. Humidity 
4. Precipitation 
5. Wind speed  and
6. direction change
Visibility
Humidity
Humidity is lower for following reasons:
higher temperature
Waterproof surface
Less water is available for evaporation
Precipitation
Precipitation increase
Higher temperature intensifies the thermal
convection  adiabatic cooling condensation
 formation of cloud
Urban atmosphere contains large amount of
condensation nuclei.
Wind speed & Direction
Three features
Wind speed will be reduced for rough
surface of the city
Turbulence may be created in cities.
Air circulation system will be induced by the
heat island
Wind speed & Direction
Impact on the Hydrologic Env.
Change in runoff
Surface impervious
Lack of vegetation
Lower infiltration capacity
Increase overland flow
Impact on the Hydrologic Env.
Increase the magnitude and frequency of flood

Before and after urbanization

Impact on the Hydrologic Env.
Reasons:
Increase surface runoff.
Rapid erosion cause to reduce river’s
capacity.
Straighten the channel will shorten the flow
concentration period.
Impact on the Hydrologic Env.
Harmful Effects:
Degrading water quality
• Increase in dissolved mineral contents
• Decrease in oxygen (eutrophication)
Water shortage
Contamination of water
Salt water intrusion
Changes in the temperature of water
Impact on the Biologic Env.
Wild life is rare
Increase in domestic pest
Subtracts and adds various type of
plants
Pollution
Definition:
Directly or indirectly through man’s activities
into the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
lithosphere and biosphere of infusions of
matter and energy at levels of quantity or
intensity appreciably higher than natural
levels and usually with undesirable or harmful
effects upon environments.
Air Pollution
Pollutants
Primary Pollutants: Substances directly
produced by a natural process or
human activities.
Secondary Pollutants: They form in the
air when primary pollutants react or
interact with other matters.
Air Pollution
Pollutants
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide (CO,CO2)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx - NO, NO2)

Ozone (O3) – Secondary Pollutant

Air Pollution
Harmful health effects
Eyes irritation
Respiratory system illness
Reduces oxygen transport in body and
causing headaches, dizziness and nausea
Impair brain function
Lung cancer
Air Pollution
Other harmful effects (Acid Rain)
Degradation of property (devalue)
Property damage
Corrosion of antiques
Harmful effect of tissues
Reproductive abnormalities of aquatic life
Air Pollution
Acid Rain (Acid Precipitation)
Air Pollution Control
Planning, segregation of industrial and residential
land use
Using low sulphur content fuel
Use device to control pollutants emission (filters,
electrostatic precipitators, improved combustion
efficiency)
Setup air quality standard
Legislation and Inspection
Setup Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Setup smoke control area
Water Pollution
Definition:
Its composition or state is directly or
indirectly modified by human activities on a
an extent such that it is less suitable for
purposes it could have served in its natural
state.
Water Pollution
Types of Pollutants
Direct Toxicity: soluble metal, radio-active
substances…..
Oxygen demand: Eutrophication
Indirect harm: Heat, suspended matters….
Disease organisms: bacteria, pathogens….
Water Pollution
Sources of pollutants
Industrial waste: heavy metals, toxic
matters, heat, radio-active substances….
Domestic waste: domestic sewage…
Farming waste: pig and poultry waste….
Oil: oil spillage, oil leakage…..
Others: civil works, construction….
Water Pollution
Effects of water pollution
Eutrophication -> upsetting balance of the
the natural ecosystem
Killing aquatic life
Impaired recreational sites
Harm for farming
Shortage of fresh water supply
Water Pollution
Solutions:
Remove sludge
Collecting farming waste
Constructing new sewage treatment plants
Use incinerators to treat domestic waste
Use new technology in industrial production
Central waste collection and recycling
Legislation
Education
Thermal Pollution
Power plants and some manufacturing
processes use large amounts of water
for cooling.
Heat water flows in the natural water
bodies such as lakes, river, sea……
Thermal Pollution
Effects of thermal pollution of water
Reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) :
Oxygen is hard to be dissolved over 30oC
Disturb the timing of fish hatch
Kill aquatic life: most fish cannot survive in
water over 30oC and almost no aquatic
organisms can survive above 50oC
Thermal Pollution
Effects of thermal pollution of atmos.
Change urban micro-climate
Enhance the heat island effect
Noise Pollution
Definition: Unwanted sound

You don’t want but I want!

Noise Pollution
Sources
Aircraft: taking off and landing
Traffic: moving and horns….
Construction: compressors, excavators…
Domestic: air-conditioners, Hi-Fi, recreation
al activities…..
Industrial: machines running…..
Noise Pollution
Effects of Noise
Interfere with sleep
Irreversible effects to nervous system
Temporary or permanent deafness
Brain damage / mental illness
Noise Pollution
Solutions
Planning: separate industrial zone and airport with re
sidential zone
Use new technology in production
Legislation
• Restrict taking off and landing period of aircraft
• Restrict noise from 11pm to 6am in residential areas
• Restrict construction period
• Imposition of speed limits and setup no horns areas
• Noise industries must setup protection devices: eg.
Wearing special helmets
Education
The End