FEEDS and FEEDING
FEED FORMULATION
&
BALANCING RATION
JANE M. LABRADOR
FEED FORMULATION
Feed represents 60 – 80 % of the total commercial pig production.
Feed efficiency in production is definitely key to profit
Economical but well-balanced feeds are provided during all phases of pigs’ life.
Pigs can only perform economically and profitably if it consumes on a daily basis
the appropriate amount of energy, amino acids, vitamins & minerals.
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
A chemical substance supplied by a diet for which a pig has a specific
requirement.
Feeds can only be used efficiently if the nutrients in it are balanced to satisfy the
animals specific needs
Q: Who can give me the 10 amino acids?
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
The 10 Amino Acids:
1. Arginine 6. Methionine
2. Histidine 7. Phenylalanine
3. Isoleucine 8. Threonine
4. Leucine 9. Tryptophan
5. Lysine 10. Valine
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
For pigs essential nutrients; We have:
-10 amino acids
-Macro minerals (7)
-Micro minerals (6)
-Vitamins (14)
Pigs have different nutrient requirements
-Carbohydrates
according to their age, weight, rate of
-Fats growth, & type of productivity.
-Water
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
Main sources of energy in pigs diet:
1. Carbohydrates 2. Fats
Common energy sources:
-Corn
-Rice, Rice Bran The addition of fats to pig feeds,
-Cassava dried meal /pellets increases energy content, enhances
palatability and reduce dustiness of
-Sorghum feeds.
-Bakery waste
-Sugar
-Animal Fats & Vegetable oil
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
Protein sources:
-For optimum growth and performance, adequate levels of protein, and
amino acids should be included in the pigs diet.
Protein digestibility is influence by:
-Type of protein
-Level of fiber
-Fitness of Grind (Vary on the Feed grinder)
-Heat treatment
Protein digestibility should also be
-Protein inhibitors considered when formulating pig feed.
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
Common sources of proteins:
-Fish meal
-Skim milk
-Whey
-Blood meal
-Meat & Bone meal
-Shrimp meal
-Soybean meal, Full fat soya
-Copra meal
-Ipil-ipil meal, etc.
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
For mineral requirements:
Pigs are required of at least 14 minerals that are essential for:
-Formation of bones & teeth
-Components of many enzymes
-Components of proteins, organs & blood
-Muscle & nerve function
-Maintaining metabolic process in the body
-Maintaining osmotic balance
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
For mineral sources: Calcium: Phosphorus
1. Calcium & Phosphorus Ideal: 1.2 : 1
Range: 1 : 1 – 1.5 : 1
2. Salt
- Sodium & Chloride – for normal body functions.
Deficiency in salts- results to loss of appetite & weight.
If the H2O contains high level of salt, lessen the amount of salt.
3. Zinc
- Integral part of many enzymes in the body.
- Necessary for sexual maturity in male & reproductive functions of the female
- For proper functioning of the pancreas, maintaining skin & hoof condition.
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
For mineral sources:
4. Iron
- Needed for the formation of hemoglobin in the RBC.
Deficiency causes: Anemia in pigs.
Reduce feed efficiency & growth rate
5. Copper
- Essential for enzyme system
- For synthesis of hemoglobin
125 ppm copper level in growing pigs ration is consider to have
growth promoting properties.
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
For mineral sources:
5. Selenium & Vitamin E
- Needed to perform oxidative functions to prevent tissue & organ muscle
degeneration.
- Important for sperm development & maturation.
Deficiency causes:
Mulberry heart disease – occurs as sudden death in pigs. Pigs appear to
be stiff or lame.
Muscle Dystrophy - due to muscle degeneration.
FEED FORMULATION
NUTRIENTS
For mineral sources:
6. Chromium
-200 ppb chromium supplementation as chromium piconilate throughout the
growing – finishing phase increase litter size in excess of 2 pigs per litter.
Vitamins
-Water soluble
-Fat soluble (ADEK)
FEED FORMULATION
FEED ADDITIVES
In formulation of feeds:
- feed additives is needed as artificial compounds
2 types of feed additives
1. Nutritive feed additives ( Vitamins, Minerals, Synthetic Amino Acids)
- feeds should be of high biological value (BV)
- To increase BV: synthetic AA is added:
Synthetic AA: - L-Lysine, DL-Methionine, DL-Tryptophan, L-Threonine
FEED FORMULATION
FEED ADDITIVES
2 types of feed additives
2. Non- Nutritive feed additives (like: Antibiotics & Antimicrobial agents)
- Used to improved growth rate & feed efficiency & to control diseases.
- These compounds, when added to pigs diets in low levels:
Improve animal growth But: at higher concentrations –
Improve feed utilization (Therapeutic dose) are agents
used to cure diseases.
Reduce mortality & morbidity
Improve reproductive performance
Prevent diseases
FEED FORMULATION
NON - NUTRITIVE FEED ADDITIVES
Therapeutic agents: (Such as)
-Zn- bacitracin - Sulfonamides
Ban for food producing animals
-Spiramycin - Nitrofuran
-Tylosin
Antioxidants
-Improve the feeding qualities of feeds by preventing vitamins & fats from
oxidation.
-Oxidation: results to destruction of vitamins & rancidity of fats
Ex: Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), Tocopherol
FEED FORMULATION
NON - NUTRITIVE FEED ADDITIVES
Emulsifiers
-Keep fats homogenous
Acidifiers
-Maintains stomach acidity
-Encourages the proliferation of acid-producing bacteria that improve the
health & functioning of digestive systems.
Anthelmintic or Deworming
- May added to feed for a limited period to kill worm & worm eggs.
Continuous feeding of some anthelmintic products will block development of parasites
during the specified feeding period.
FEED FORMULATION
NON - NUTRITIVE FEED ADDITIVES
Microbial supplements / Probiotics Most Common:
- Lactobacillus species
-Mainly are yeast & bacteria - Bacillus subtilis
- Streptococcus faecium
Flavor - Improve palatability - Yeast
Enzymes - Improve digestibility of complex carbohydrates & proteins.
Pellet Binders
-Hold ingredient together
-Resist dispensing of H2O.
Mold Inhibitors
Toxin Binders
FEED FORMULATION
SUPPLEMENT & PREMIXES
- Micro premixes can be made with varying levels of potency.
- Vitamins & minerals premix can be made- up separately to slow deterioration
of vitamins
- Choline should be added directly to complete feed as it tends to oxidize other
vitamins.
As a general rule: Variations from recommended dosages should not
exceed (15%) either way, otherwise shortage of other nutrients may occur.
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Factors to consider in balancing ration:
-Dry matter intake (DMI)
-Protein
-Energy
-Minerals
-Vitamins
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Requirements for balancing ration:
-Nutrient requirement of the animal
-Nutrient composition of feeds
-Availability & Quality of the feedstuff
-Palatability
-Digestibility
-Toxic substance in the feeds
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Dairy Ration
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Poultry / Swine Ration
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Crude Protein Requirement of Swine
Nutrient Pre-Starter Starter Grower Finisher Gestating Lactating
Kg/BW 5-10 kg 10-20 kg 20-35 kg 35 – 60 60-100 kg
kg
CP % 22 18 18 16 14 14 15
- Depends on: Species, Age, Weight and Purpose
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Methods in formulating/ Balancing Ration:
Pearson Square
Modified Pearson Square
Trial and Error
Simultaneous Equation Method
Combination
Exact Method
Computer Method (LP)
Linear Programming
Brill Feed Formulation
FEED FORMULATION
Pearson Square
Steps in Feed Formulation / Balancing Ration
1. Identify the class of pigs to be fed
- Pre-Starter
- Starter
- Grower
- Finisher
- Dry & Pregnant Sow
- Lactating Sow
- Gilts
- Boars
FEED FORMULATION
Pearson Square
Steps in Feed Formulation / Balancing Ration
2. Determine the nutrient allowances for that class
3. Determine the available ingredients: Limitations:
- Only 1 nutrient can be considered at
- Available of feed ingredients a time.
- Only 2 nutrient can be considered at
- Cost of feed ingredient
a time.
- Nutrient content - Can only be used when one
ingredients has a higher nutritional
- Anti-nutritional factors & contaminants value & the other one has a lower
value than the desired level.
- Maximum & Minimum levels - Safe maximum % of the ingredient
cannot be followed.
4. Calculation of ration
FEED FORMULATION
Pearson Square
Example:
Yellow corn - CP% = 8.8%
Soybean Meal - CP% = 45.8%
• Formulate a grower feed ration with CP = 16%
Steps:
1. Draw a square & write the desired protein % at the center
16%
FEED FORMULATION
Pearson Square
Steps:
2. Write the ingredients & their protein % on the lower & upper left hand corners.
YC = 8.8 16%
SBM= 45.8
3. Subtract diagonally the lower from the higher value. Write the answers at the
opposite corner of the square.
YC = 8.8 29.8 = YC
16%
SMB = 45.8 7.2 = SBM
FEED FORMULATION
Pearson Square
Steps:
4. The mixture will be 29.8 parts YC & 7.2 parts SBM
5. This can be changed into percentages.
% YC = 29.8/ 37.0 x 100 = 80.5 %
% SBM = 7.2 / 37.0 x 100 = 19.5%
or SBM = 100% - 80.5% = 19.5%
6. The mixture will be 80.5 % YC and 19.5% SBM
FEED FORMULATION
Pearson Square
Another Example:
28 = 0.789 x 100 = 78.9 % YC
YC – 8.5 % 35.5
16%
SBM – 44 % 7.5 = 0.211 x 100 = 21.1 % SBM
35.5
Check:
= 8.5 + 7.5 = 16 Note: Whatsoever sources in the upper or
lower left corner, it is the same source of the
= 44 – 28 = 16 opposite. The parts or the weight of the
ingredients corresponds to the placement in
= 28 – 35.5 = 7.5 the square (upper or lower).
= 35.5 – 7.5 = 28
FEED FORMULATION
Pearson Square
Check the desired % CP:
Amt/Ingredients x % CP = Calculated % CP
78.9 kg of YC x 8.5% or 0.085 = 6.71 % CP
21.1 kg of SBM x 44 % or 0.44 = 9.29 % CP
100 kg of Feed 35.5 or 0.355 = 16.00 % CP
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Methods in formulating/ Balancing Ration:
Pearson Square
Modified Pearson Square
Trial and Error
Simultaneous Equation Method
Combination
Exact Method
Computer Method (LP)
Linear Programming
Brill Feed Formulation
FEED FORMULATION
Modified Pearson Square
Example:
Hog Starter Ration with 18 % CP; Using:
GYC = CP (8.5%) = 4 Parts
SBM = CP ( 44.0 %) = 2.25 Parts
FM = CP (53.4 %) = 1.5 Parts
RBD1 = CP ( 11.80%) = 2 Parts
ILM = CP ( 22.0%) = 1.75 Parts
FEED FORMULATION
Modified Pearson Square
Solution:
Ing. % CP PBW COMPUTED CP
ES GYC 8.5 % x 4 = 34
RBD1 11.80 x 2 = 23.6
______ ________
∑=6 ∑ = 57.6/6 = 9.6%
PS SBM 44.0 % x 2.25 = 99
FM 53.4 % x 1.5 = 80.1
ILM 22.0% x 1.75 = 38.5
______ ________
∑ = 5.5 ∑ = 217.6/ 5.5 = 39.6%
FEED FORMULATION
Modified Pearson Square
Check the answer:
ES - 9.6 21.6 = 0.72 x 100 = 72% ES
18% 30
PS – 39.6 8.4 = 0.28 x 100 =
30
: ES = 9.6 + 8.4 = 18%
PS = 39.6 – 21.6 = 18%
FEED FORMULATION
Modified Pearson Square
Check the answer:
ES Ing. % CP PBW/tP = Amt (kg) x CP % CP
= 72%
GYC 8.5 % (4/6) x 72 = 48 x 0.085 = 4.08
RBD1 11.80 (2/6) x 72 = 24 x 0.118 = 2.83
PS
SBM 44.0 % (2.25/5.5) x 28 = 11.45 x 0.44 = 5.038
= 28%
FM 53.4 % (1.25/5.5) x 28 = 7.64 x 0.534 = 4.08
ILM 22.0% (1.75/5.5) x 28 = 8.91 x 0.220 = 1.96
______ ________
∑ = 100 % kg ∑ = 17.988
or 18 %
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Methods in formulating/ Balancing Ration:
Pearson Square
Modified Pearson Square
Trial and Error
Simultaneous Equation Method
Combination
Exact Method
Computer Method (LP)
Linear Programming
Brill Feed Formulation
FEED FORMULATION
Trial and Error
Steps: Calculating Complete Dry Ration
1. Make a list of all the available ingredients including the following data.
- Price per kg. of ingredients
- Energy in Kcal (DE or ME)
- % CP, % CF, % EE, % Lysine (Lys),
- % Methionine + Cystine (M+C)
- % Calcium (CA)
- % Phosphorus (P)
FEED FORMULATION
Trial and Error
Steps: Calculating Complete Dry Ration
2. Calculate
a. The price of 1000 Kcal of DE
b. The price per % CP
3. Set the requirements for the compound feeds to be made
FEED FORMULATION
Trial and Error
Steps: for the trial and error method
1. Reserve 20 % for the addition of mineral & vitamin premix
2. Take up 30 % ingredients that are:
a. Higher in DE than the required optimum level of the ration to be formulated
b. Take those which have the lowest price per 1000 DE
c. Do not include more than the safe maximum percentage for each ingredient
d. Include ingredients you want to take up a minimum percentage
3. Take up 18 % ingredients that are:
a. Higher level in percentage CP than the required minimum level of the ration
to be formulated
FEED FORMULATION
Trial and Error
Steps: for the trial and error method
3.b. Include ingredients of which you want to take up a minimum percentage
3.c. Take those which have the lowest price per percentage of CP
3.d. Do not exceed the safe maximum percentage for each ingredient.
4. Having 50 % of the ration, add all nutrients and compare them with the
required level. Start building further step by step by adding 10 % at a time.
Select ingredients that are balancing the feed most and which are the
cheapest. Do the same procedure for the 60 %, 70 % and 80 &.
For the last 10 % you can use “Pearson Square”.
Note: If you take up percentages of ingredients higher than their safe
maximum, the ration must be considered as “Experimental”.
FEED FORMULATION
Trial and Error
Simple Example (Poultry)
Growth Stage Booster Starter Finisher
AGE 1- 15 days 16 – 26 days 27 days – Marketing
WEIGHT 40 – 600 g 640 – 1040 g 1080 – 1800 g
PROTEIN REQ. 22 % 18 % 17 %
FEED FORMULATION
Trial and Error
Simple Example (Poultry)
Protein contents of different feedstuffs
Feed Stuff Dry Matter (%) Protein Content Cost per kilo (Php)
Yellow Corn (Grind) 88 7.8 11
Broken Rice 88 7.5 12
Fish Meal 88 49.4 20
Soybean Meal 89 46.6 20
Ipil-ipil leaf Meal 90 20 10
Rice Bran D1 91.1 12.4 10
Copra Meal 95 20.2 10
Molassess 75 3 8
FEED FORMULATION
Trial and Error
Simple Example (Poultry): Formulate simple broiler starter feed
Feed Stuff Protein Inclusion/ Amt. Protein content Cost per kilo Total cost
content of feed stuff per inclusion
Yellow Corn 7.8 30 30*7.8/100 = 2.3 11 330
(Grind)
Broken Rice 7.5 20 20*7.5/100 =1.5 12 240
Fish Meal 49.4 19 19*49.9/100 = 20 380
9.4
Rice Bran D1 12.4 20 20*12.4/100 = 10 200
2.5
Copra Meal 20.2 11 11*20.2/100 = 10 110
2.2
TOTAL: 100 18 63 1260
FEED FORMULATION
Trial and Error
Is the feed formulated meet the required nutrient standard for the
broiler starter?
- Yes, it meets the 18 % CP
Is the feed formulated cost efficient if a commercial starter feed cost is
1700 pesos per 100 kg?
- Yes, since the formulated feed is only 1260 pesos per 100 kg
compared to commercial starter with 1700 pesos per 100 kg.
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Methods in formulating/ Balancing Ration:
Pearson Square
Modified Pearson Square
Trial and Error
Simultaneous Equation Method
Combination
Exact Method
Computer Method (LP)
Linear Programming
Brill Feed Formulation
FEED FORMULATION
Simultaneous Equation Method
Use mathematical equations
If X = used corn and Y = used SBM, then the nutrient requirement can
be calculate with this equation 18=0.10X +0.45Y; and if X + Y = 100, then
both equations can be used to calculate the level of X and Y.
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Methods in formulating/ Balancing Ration:
Pearson Square
Modified Pearson Square
Trial and Error
Simultaneous Equation Method
Combination
Exact Method
Computer Method (LP)
Linear Programming
Brill Feed Formulation
FEED FORMULATION
Computer Method (LP)
Based on Linear Program
Least Cost Ration
Feed formulation programs:
Mixit - FeedLive
Spartan - Bestmix
Feed Mania - Feedsoft
UFFDA - Brill
WinFeed - Format, etc
OPTIMA
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Methods in formulating/ Balancing Ration:
Pearson Square
Modified Pearson Square
Trial and Error
Simultaneous Equation Method
Combination
Exact Method
Computer Method (LP)
Linear Programming
Brill Feed Formulation
FEED FORMULATION
Linear Programming
Linear Programming (LP) is a technique for optimization of a linear
objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality
constraints. Informally LP determines the way to achieve the best
outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost)
Developed by George B. Dantzing, published the simplex method
in 1947
FEED FORMULATION
BALANCING RATION
Methods in formulating/ Balancing Ration:
Pearson Square
Modified Pearson Square
Trial and Error
Simultaneous Equation Method
Combination
Exact Method
Computer Method (LP)
Linear Programming
Brill Feed Formulation
FEED FORMULATION
Brill Feed Formulation
Developed by Feed Management System Inc, USA.
Advance feed formulation software
Usefull for monogastric and ruminants
Minimize cost of a formula, multiple formulas in multiple feedmills
(multi blending)
Compatible fo MS Window
[Link]
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