Energy Alternatives

CDAE-06
March 22, 2004
Gary Flomenhoft
http://www.uvm.edu/~gflomenh/CDAE06/
Work Done in the U.S. Economy, 1850-1970
100%

80%
Labor
Fuel
60%

40%

Domesticated
20% Animals

0%
1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950
 Composition of U.S. Energy Use
100

Percent of total energy use

75 coal
wood

50 oil

gas

25 animal
feed

electricity

0
1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
 Energy Densities of Fuels
Fuel Energy Density (Mj/kg)

Peats, green wood, grasses 5.0-10.0

Crop residues, air-dried wood 12.0-15.0
Bituminous coals 18.0-25.0
Charcoal, anthracite coals 18.0-32.0
Crude oils 40.0-44.0