Object – Oriented Design

Methodologies
 INTRODUCTION

 It is a new way of thinking about problems using models

based on real world concepts.

 The basic construct is object which combines both data

structure and behavior in a single entity.

 Rumbaugh presents an object oriented software

development methodology, the Object Modeling Technique
(OMT) which extends from analysis through design to
implementation.
 INTRODUCTION

 Analysis model is built that contains objects found in

applications, their properties and behavior.

 Then design model is made to describe and optimize the

implementation.

 Finally the design model is implemented in a programming

language, database or hardware.

 Graphical notation is used for expressing object-oriented

models.
 Object - Orientation

The term object-oriented (OO) means that we

organize software as a collection of discrete
objects that incorporate both data structure and
behavior.
Includes 4 aspects:
- Identity
- Classification
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
 OO - Paradigm

An approach to solution to problems in which all

computations are performed in the context of
objects
A running program can be seen as a collection of
objects collaborating to perform a given task.
An OO-paradigm emphasizes modularity and re-
usability.
The goal of an object-oriented approach is to
satisfy the "open closed principle".
 Open Closed principle

 The goal of an object-oriented approach is to satisfy the "open closed

principle".
 A module is open if it supports extension. If the module provides

standardized ways to add new behaviors or describe new states. In the

object-oriented paradigm this is often accomplished by creating a new
subclass of an existing class.
 A module is closed if it has a well defined stable interface that all other

modules must use and that limits the interaction and potential errors
that can be introduced into one module by changes in another. In the
object-oriented paradigm this is accomplished by defining methods that
invoke services on objects.
 Object – Oriented Methodologies / OO
SDLC stages
The OO methodology has the System
following stages: Conception
 System Conception: Software
development begins with business
analysts or users wants to develop
Analysis
an application and formulating
tentative requirements.

 Analysis: The analyst scrutinizes System Design

and rigorously restates the
requirements from the system
conception by constructing models.
The analysis model is a precise Class Design
abstraction of what the desired
system must do, not how it will be
done.
 Domain & application model Implementation
 Object – Oriented Methodologies(Contd.)

 System Design: the development team devise a high-level

strategy – the system architecture – for solving the
problem.

 Class Design: The class designer adds details to the

analysis model in accordance with system design strategy.

 Implementation: Implementation translate the classes and

relationships developed during class design into a
particular programming language, database, or hardware.
 3 Models

Object model
Dynamic model
Functional model
 Object model

Describes basic structure of objects and their

relationship

Contains object diagram

Object diagram is a graph whose nodes are classes

and whose arcs are relationships among classes.
 Dynamic model

Describes the aspects of a system that change over

time.

It specifies and implement control aspects of a

system.

Contains state diagram.

State diagram is a graph whose nodes are states

and whose arcs are data-flows.
 Functional Model

Describes data value transformation within a

system.

Contains data flow diagram.

Data Flow Diagram is a graph whose nodes are

processes and whose arcs are data flows.
 OO Concepts

Abstraction
 Focus on essential aspects ( what an object does )
 Ignore details ( such as how to implement)

Encapsulation
 Separates external aspects of an object, which are accessible to other
objects, From the internal implementation details, which are hidden from
other objects
 OO Concepts (Contd.)

Combining Data and Behavior (Polymorphism)

 Operator polymorphism shifts the burden of deciding what
implementation to use from the calling code to the class hierarchy.
 The caller of an operation need not consider how many
implementations exist.
Sharing
 Via inheritance
 OO development offers the prospect of reusing design and code
on future projects.
Emphasis on the Essence of an object
 Stresses on what an object is, rather than how it is used

 Software systems built on object are more stable in the long run.
 Advantages of OOD

 Used in developing Compilers, Graphics, UI, databases,

Object oriented languages, CAD systems, simulations, etc.

 Used to document existing programs that are ill-structured

and difficult to understand.

 Not reduces development time; it may take more time than

conventional development because it is intended to
promote future reuse and reduce downstream errors and
maintenance.
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