Hole’s Human Anatomy

and Physiology
Twelfth Edition

Shier  Butler  Lewis

Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology

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 1.1: Introduction

• Questions and observations that have led to

knowledge.

• Knowledge about structure and function of the

human body.

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 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body

• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body

“The complementarity of structure and function.”

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 1.3: Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
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 Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles

Atom

Organ system
Molecule

Macromolecule

Organ

Organelle
Organism

Cell
Tissue
 Organ Systems
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Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system 6

 Organ Systems
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Nervous system Endocrine system
 Organ Systems
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Cardiovascular system
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Lymphatic system
 Organ Systems
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Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
 Organ Systems
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Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
 1.1 Clinical Application

• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;

releasing energy from foods

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Characteristics of Life Continued
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into

chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
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 1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure

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 Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature

• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

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 Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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 Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be

(called the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the

internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)

(Change is compared
Receptors to the set point.) Effectors
(muscles or glands)

Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.) Response 18
(Change is corrected.)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.

Receptors Effectors
Thermoreceptors Skin blood vessels
send signals to the dilate and sweat glands
control center. secrete.

Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is lost to
rises above normal. surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.

too high

Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)

too low

Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is conserved,
drops below normal. temperature rises toward normal.

Receptors Effectors Effectors

Thermoreceptors Skin blood Muscle
send signals to the vessels constrict activity
control center. and sweat glands generates
remain inactive. body heat.

Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals 19
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• short-lived
• do not require continuous adjustments
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth

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 1.6: Organization
of the Human Body

Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Right pleural
Mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity Left pleural cavity
cavity Pericardial
Diaphragm cavity
Diaphragm

Abdominal
Abdominal cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity (b)

(a)
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 Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes

• Visceral pleura • Parietal peritoneum
• Parietal pleura • Visceral peritoneum
• Visceral pericardium • Parietal perineum
• Parietal pericardium • Visceral perineum

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Serous Membranes
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 1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the

whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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 1.8: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing

erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out

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Integumentary system
 Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):

• Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal)
• Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal)
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
• Proximal versus Distal
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External

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 Body Sections or Planes
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right
portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and

inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior

portions

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 Body Sections

Median Parasagittal
(midsagittal) plane
plane

Transverse
A section along the (horizontal)
median plane plane

A section along a transverse

plane

Frontal
(coronal)
A section along a frontal
plane
plane

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 Body Sections

(a) (b) (c)

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 Other Body Sections
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
ti on a
Cross-section sec
ue l
liq
Ob

s
e
c
t 32
i
(a) (b) (c)
o
 Abdominal Subdivisions

Right Left
hypochondriac Epigastric hypochondriac
region region region
Right upper Left upper
quadrant quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)
Right Umbilical Left
lumbar region lumbar
region region Right lower Left lower
quadrant quadrant
Right Hypogastric Left
(RLQ) (LLQ)
iliac region iliac
region region

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 Body Regions
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Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose) Occipital
Buccal (cheek)
Oral (mouth) (back of head)
Cervical (neck) Mental (chin)

Sternal
Acromial Acromial
(point of shoulder) Pectoral (point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit) (chest) Vertebral
Mammary (breast) (spinal column)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm) Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
Antecubital (navel) Cubital (elbow)
(front of elbow)
Inguinal Lumbar
Abdominal (lower back)
(abdomen) (groin)

Antebrachial Sacral (between hips)

(forearm) Coxal Gluteal (buttocks)
(hip)
Carpal (wrist)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Sural (calf)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)

(a)
Digital (toe)
(b)
Plantar (sole) 34