NATSC-300

GEOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO
GEOLOGY

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. GLEN PATRICK ENRIQUEZ

Laguna College Engineering Department

Geology for Engineers
CLASS RULES AND
GRADING SYSTEM

Geology for Engineers

CLASS RULES AND GRADING SYSTEM
GRADING SYSTEM

Attendance ITEM NO.

1.0
DESCRIPTION

QUIZZES
PERCENTAGE

35%

A pproach
2.0

3.0
MAJOR EXAM

PARTICIPATION, ATTITUDE AND

RECITATION
45%

15%

Avoid Cheating
4.0 ATTENDANCE 5%

CUMMULATIVE GRADING
SYSTEM

Answer
CUMMULATIVE MIDTERM=70%(MIDTERM GRADE)+30%
(PRELIMRATE=75%
PASSING GRADES)

FAILING STUDENTS WILL TAKE REMOVALS AFTER THE

COMPUTATION OF THE FINAL GRADES
Geology for Engineers
TOPIC OUTLINE

Geology for Engineers

TOPIC OUTLINE
Based on CMO No. 92

ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION

I. GENERAL GEOLOGY
(Branches, Earth Structure, Theories, Weathering, Work of Rivers and Winds, Ground Water)

II. MINERALOGY
(Crystallographic systems: Properties of Minerals, Formation of Minerals, )

III. PETROLOGY
(Classification of Rocks, Families, Occurrences)

IV. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND ROCK MECHANICS

(Attitude of beds, Geologic Maps, Folds, Joints)(Rock properties, density strength)

V. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Site Investigations, Geologic Methods, Core Boring, Dams, Tunnels)

Geology for Engineers

DEFINITION

Geology for Engineers

 GEOLOGY
- is the science that deals with
the study Earth.

- physical and chemical

changes that occur on its surface
and in its interior.

- history of the planet and its life

forms.

DEFINITION
 GEOLOGY
- it deals with the different aspects
of the earth including:
1. Origin, age and interior
structure
2. Evolution, modification and
extinction of various surface
and subsurface physical
features
3. Atmosphere
4. Hydrosphere

DEFINITION
HISTORY OF GEOLOGY
 - comes from the Greek words
geo = earth
logos = study

HISTORY OF GEOLOGY
 Ancient Greece
- developed some of the most
early concepts of geology.

Aristotle
- observed the concept about the
geological change. He formulated
that the Earth changes at a slow
rate.

HISTORY OF GEOLOGY
 Theophrastus
- Contributed to the geological
progress by his work ‘on
stones’ where he described
many minerals and ores. He
also described types of
marbles, lime stones and such.
He also describes the reaction
of these when heated up.

HISTORY OF GEOLOGY
 - The era when geology made
great developments.

- It is the time when geology

became its own entity in the
world of natural sciences.

GEOLOGY IN 17 CENTURY
th
 - Both religious and scientific
speculation about the earth’s
origin propelled interest
resulting to the formulation of
systematic identification
techniques of the fossils and
earth’s strata, or horizontal
rock layers having the same
composite throughout.

GEOLOGY IN 17 CENTURY
th
 Nicholas Steno
- he question the idea that
fossils grew in the ground, as
well as the explanation of rock
formations.
- His investigation and
conclusions on these topics
have led scholars to consider
him one of the founders of
modern stratigraphy.

GEOLOGY IN 17 CENTURY
th
 - The era of heightened
attention to minerals and other
components of the Earth’s
crust.

- It is also the era which

increases the economic
importance of mining due to
the knowledge of ores

GEOLOGY IN 18 CENTURY
th
 - While the divergence of
religious concepts and factual
evidence is still in discussion.

Immanuel Kant
- Published ‘Universal Natural
History and Theory of the
Heavens’ which led to the
acceptance to question the real
age of the Earth.

GEOLOGY IN 18 CENTURY
th
 - The term “geology” was first
used by two Genevan
naturalist.

- It is then received as a term

until it was taken up in the
compendium, Encyclopedie.

GEOLOGY IN 18 CENTURY
th
 James Hutton
- Known as the father of modern
geology
- He sees evidence of rocks being
formed by volcanic eruptions,
erosion and sedimentations.
- Known for his theory
“uniformitarianism” which states
that the processes we see today,
are the same processes that
happened in the geological past.

GEOLOGY IN 19 CENTURY
th
 William Smith
- A surveyor of canals which
becomes interested in observing
the rock layers of excavations
resulting to the different findings
about the strata
Georges Cuvier
- Formulated that the rocks and
their fossils give a coherent and
reliable account of the Earth’s past

GEOLOGY IN 19 CENTURY
th
 Alfred Wegener
- Proposed the theory called the
“Continental Drift” where he
suggest that the continents were
once a supercontinent known as
“Pangaea”
- however, Wegener’s idea were not
generally accepted during his
lifetime, not until after WWII that
new evidence started to
accumulate.

GEOLOGY IN 19 CENTURY
th
GEOLOGY IN 19 CENTURY
th
 - In the present, the world of
science continues to study the
characters and origin of the Earth,
its surface features and internal
structures.
- Geology is now studied using a
more advanced and integrated
approach such as producing
detailed geological maps,
studying plate tectonics etc.

MODERN GEOLOGY
BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
 1. PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

- deals with the origin,

development and ultimate fate
of various surface features of
the earth and also with its
internal structures.

BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
 2. GEOMORPHOLOGY

- study of surface features of

the earth, primarily of the land
surface.
- detailed investigation
regarding development and
disposition of mountains,
plains, plateaus etc.

BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
 3. MINERALOGY

- deals with the formation,

occurrence, aggregation,
properties, and uses of minerals

BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
 4. PETROLOGY

- deals with the formation of

various types of rocks, their
mode of occurrence,
composition, textures and
structures, geological and
geographical distribution on the
earth.

BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
 5. HISTORICAL GEOLOGY

- It deals with the past history

of the earth from the study of
rocks and features associated
with them.

BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
 6. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

- deals with the study of

minerals, rocks and other
materials (fuels etc.) occurring
on and in the earth that can be
exploited for the benefit of
man.

BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
APPLIED SCIENCES
 1. GEO-CHEMISTRY

- Is the science that uses the

principles of chemistry to explain
the mechanism behind major
geological systems such as the
Earth’s crust

APPLIED SCIENCES
 2. GEOPHYSICS

- Identification of water and oil

bearing strata below the surface of
the earth by geophysical principles.

APPLIED SCIENCES
 3. GEO-HYDROLOGY

- interaction between hydrology

and geology, i.e. groundwater
occurrence

APPLIED SCIENCES
 4. MINING GEOLOGY

- Exploration and exploitation of

economic mineral deposits.

APPLIED SCIENCES
 5. ROCK MECHANICS

- The study of the behaviour of

rocks under various types of loads

APPLIED SCIENCES
 6. GEO-MECHANICS

- Geological study of the behaviour

of soils and rocks

APPLIED SCIENCES
 7. METEOROLOGY

- Study of atmosphere and weather

APPLIED SCIENCES
 8. OCEANOGRAPHY

- Deals with the extensive water

bodies such as oceans which covers
about 70% of surface area of the
planet.

APPLIED SCIENCES
 9. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

- The interaction between the field

of engineering, particularly Civil
Engineering, and geological
sciences to improve the quality of
construction.

APPLIED SCIENCES
GEOLOGY AROUND US
 - is the science that deals with
the study of Earth.

- Planet itself
- Rocks
- Soil
- Land
- Hydrosphere
- Atmosphere

GEOLOGY AROUND US
 - but it is more than the study
of those things. It is more
involved and important in our
daily lives.

- Geology is the study of Earth,

how it does things, and what is
it made of.

GEOLOGY AROUND US
 PENCIL LEAD

- Not actually lead.

- Mixture of clay and graphite
which is extracted from the
ground

GEOLOGY AROUND US
 ERASER

- Synthetic Rubber which is a

by product of petroleum
- Mixed with other minerals
that came out of the ground

GEOLOGY AROUND US
 FERRULE

- Aluminum extracted from

ores

GEOLOGY AROUND US
 WOODEN BODY
- From cutting down the trees
to the production of the
pencil itself
- Includes how many
machines that is composed
of material and uses how
many products from the
ground.

GEOLOGY AROUND US
GEOLOGY AROUND US
 “ If it cannot be grown, it must be
mined.”

- We cannot escape geology

around us.

GEOLOGY AROUND US
 • Geology is the study of Earth,
how it does things, why it does
things, and what is it made of.

GEOLOGY AROUND US
 T H A N K Y O U!

END MODULE 1
(INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY)

CRDTS:JLP
©JLP
ACTIVITY 1:ESSAY

Choose 1 among the 6 Civil Engineering fields (Structural Engineering, Geotechnical

Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Construction
Management and Environmental Engineering), and discuss the relevance of Geology to your
chosen field.

Minimum of 7 sentences.

Geology for Engineers