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Physics 22 - The Nuclear Atom (Autosaved)
Physics 22 - The Nuclear Atom (Autosaved)
Isoptopes In Archaeology
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
• Describe the structure of an atom in
terms of a positive nucleus and negative • Describe how the scattering of α-
electrons particles by thin metal foils provides
evidence for the nuclear atom
1)Tracers
2)Radiotherapy
3)Sterilisation
4)Archaeology using carbon isotopes
Archaeology:
• In archaeology, radioactive isotopes are used to determine
the age of a sample, called Carbon Dating. Since the
Carbon-
14 isotope is radioactive it has been used to assess the age
of matter.
Now archaeologist use this concept to determine the age of any rock or
an
artifact by measuring the ratio of number of atoms of a radioactive
element
to those of its decay product in a sample.
Decaying of carbon - 14
Atomic structure
The Electrons
Atoms
Atomic structure
The Electrons
1) Move around the nucleus.
Atoms
Atomic structure
The Electrons
1) Move around the nucleus
2) They’re negatively charged. .
Atoms
Atomic structure
The Electrons
1) Move around the nucleus
2) They’re negatively charged.
3) They’re tiny, but they cover a lot of
space..
Atoms
Atomic structure
The Electrons
1) Move around the nucleus
2) They’re negatively charged.
3) They’re tiny, but they cover a lot of
space..
4) The volume their orbits occupy
determines how big the atom is.
Atoms
Atomic structure
The Electrons
1) Move around the nucleus
2) They’re negatively charged.
3) They’re tiny, but they cover a lot of
space..
4) The volume their orbits occupy
determines how big the atom is.
5) They have virtually no mass.
Atoms
Atomic structure
The Electrons
1) Move around the nucleus
2) They’re negatively charged.
3) They’re tiny, but they cover a lot of
space..
4) The volume their orbits occupy
determines how big the atom is.
5) They have virtually no mass.
6) They occupy shells around the
nucleus.
Atoms
Atomic structure
The Electrons
1) Move around the nucleus
2) They’re negatively charged.
3) They’re tiny, but they cover a lot of
space..
4) The volume their orbits occupy
determines how big the atom is.
5) They have virtually no mass.
6) They occupy shells around the
nucleus.
7) These shells explain the whole of
chemistry.
Atoms
Atomic structure
Summary
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 1/2000 -1
Atoms
So, how do we know how many electrons, protons and neutrons there are?
Atoms
We just need to know
Atomic Number and Mass Number these two simple numbers
Atoms
We just need to know
Atomic Number and Mass Number these two simple numbers
23
11
Na
Atoms
We just need to know
Atomic Number and Mass Number these two simple numbers
Na
11
Atoms
We just need to know
Atomic Number and Mass Number these two simple numbers
238
92 U
Atoms Supplement
238 234
92 U Th
90
Atoms Supplement
238 234 4
92 U Th
90 + 2 He
ISOTOPES
What’s the
difference
between
these two?
ISOTOPES
What’s the
difference
between
these two?
Isotopes
What’s the are atoms
difference with the
between same
number of
these two? protons but
a different
number of
neutrons.
Most elements
have different
What are the isotopes but
features of there’s usually
isotopes? only one or two
stable ones.
ISOTOPES
Most elements
have different
What are the isotopes but
features of there’s usually
isotopes? only one or two
stable ones.
Gold
Alpha source foil
Alpha detector
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Supplement
Gold
Alpha source foil
+
Beam of alpha particles
Most alpha
Gold particles are
Alpha source foil undeflected
Some alpha
particles are
deflected slightly
Fission =
splitting
the atom
Stray
neutron Uranium
235
nucleus
A neutron strikes a
nucleus of Uranium
235 – this becomes
unstable, splits into
two lighter nuclei
and releases 2 or 3
neutrons.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Supplement
Fission =
splitting
the atom
Stray
neutron Uranium
235
nucleus The emitted
neutrons go on to
split other nuclei,
and so on … the
result is a chain
reaction, releasing
A neutron strikes a
huge amounts of
nucleus of Uranium
energy
235 – this becomes
unstable, splits into
two lighter nuclei
and releases 2 or 3
neutrons.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Supplement
+ +
Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3
Fusion
+ energy
+
+
Neutron
Helium
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Supplement
+ energy
+
+
Neutron
Helium
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Supplement