Statically Indeterminate Problems

and
Problems Involving Two Materials
(2hrs)

(CUPE213)

R. Chiweshe
• ..\..\..\..\Structures and forces - YouTube.MKV
 Learning objectives
• Students should be able to:
– Analyse indeterminate beams and frames by
method of sections
– Compute indeterminate beams and frames
without and with sidesway by using moment
distribution method.
– Derive conclusions from solutions obtained.
 Introduction
• Support reactions and internal forces of statically determinate
structures can be determined using only the equations of
equilibrium.
• However, the analysis of statically indeterminate structures requires
additional equations based on the geometry of deformation of the
structure.
• Additional equations come from compatibility relationships, which
ensure continuity of displacements throughout the structure.
• The remaining equations are constructed from member constitutive
equations, i.e., relationships between stresses and strains and the
integration of these equations over the cross section.
 Introduction
• Design of an indeterminate structure is carried
out in an iterative manner, whereby the (relative)
sizes of the structural members are initially
assumed and used to analyze the structure.
• Another consequence of statically indeterminate
structures is that the relative variation of
member sizes influences the magnitudes of the
forces that the member will experience.
Statically Determinate beams
Static Indeterminacy
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.

• A structure will be statically indeterminate

whenever it is held by more supports than
are required to maintain its equilibrium.

• Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.

• Deformations due to actual loads and redundant

reactions are determined separately and then
added or superposed.
  L R  0

2 - 21
Areas of application
Problems involving 2 materials
 Example
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.

SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant,
release the bar from that support, and solve for
the displacement at B due to the applied loads.

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant reaction at B.

• Require that the displacements due to the

loads and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be zero.

• Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads

and the reaction found at B.
2 - 118
Example 2.04
SOLUTION:
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1  0 P2  P3  600  103 N P4  900  103 N

A1  A2  400 10 6 m 2 A3  A4  250  10 6 m 2

L1  L2  L3  L4  0.150 m

Pi Li 1.125109
L   
i Ai Ei E
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant
constraint,
P1  P2   RB

A1  400 10 6 m 2 A2  250 10 6 m 2

L1  L2  0.300 m

δR  
Pi Li


1.95 103 RB
i Ai Ei E
2 - 119
Example 2.04
• Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
  L R  0

  

1.125 109 1.95 103 RB0
E E
RB  577 103 N  577 kN

• Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at

B  Fy  0  R A  300 kN  600 kN  577 kN
R A  323kN

R A  323kN
RB  577 kN

2 - 120
 Thermal Stresses

• A temperature change results in a change in length

or thermal strain. There is no stress associated with
the thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained
by the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and
apply the principle of superposition.
PL
 T   T L P 
AE
  thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
  T   P  0   T   P  0
P   AE T 
PL
 T L  0 P
AE     E T 
A
2 - 121
 Poisson’s Ratio

• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:


x  x  y z  0
E

• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y  z  0

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

lateral strain y 
   z
axial strain x x

2 - 122
Generalized Hooke’s Law

• For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,

the normal strain components resulting from
the stress components may be determined from
the principle of superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small

• With these restrictions:

 x  y  z
x    
E E E
 x  y  z
y    
E E E
 x  y  z
z    
E E E

2 - 123
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
• Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is
    
e  1  1   x  1   y 1   z   1  1   x   y   z 
 x  y z
1  2

E

 x  y  z 
 dilatation (change in volume per unit volume)

• For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic

pressure, 31  2  p
e  p 
E k
E
k  bulk modulus
31  2 

• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be

negative, therefore
0    12
 Shearing Strain

• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will

deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
 xy  f  xy 

• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar the

previous plots of normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are approximately
half. For small strains,
 xy  G  xy  yz  G  yz  zx  G  zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear

modulus.

2 - 125