Copernican Revolution

Group 1
In the early 1500s, Nicolas Copernicus
devised a theory that the planets may be
revolving around the Sun, not the Earth.
Much later, the great inventor and
astronomer Galileo Galilei presented an
argument for the validity of the Sun-
centered Copernican model, as opposed to
the older Earth-centered Ptolemaic model.
Nicolaus Copernicus
invention

Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer

who proposed a heliocentric system, that
the planets orbit around the Sun; that
Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting
the Sun annually, also turns once daily on
its own axis; and that very slow changes in
the direction of this axis account for the
precession of the equinoxes
 Remarkable contributions of ancient
astronomers to the development from
geocentric to heliocentric model of the universe
 Aristotle

 Aristotle’s model of the universe was also

geocentric, with the Sun, Moon, planets, and
stars all orbiting the Earth inside of Eudoxus’
spheres. Aristotle believed the universe is
finite in space but exists eternally in time.
Aristotle believed that space is fundamentally
different from the Earth because he thought
that objects in space are unchanging and
move in perfect circles, which he considered
to be the perfect shape.

 proved that the earth is spherical Earth

was at the center of the universe- sun,
planets and stars were located in sphere
that revolved around the earth.
 Aristotle invention
Classification of Living Beings Aristotle was the first
person in human history to venture into the
classification of different animals. He used traits
that are common among certain animals to classify
them into similar groups. For example, based on the
presence of blood, he created two different groups
such as animals with blood and animals without
blood. Similarly, based on their habitat, he classified
animals as ones that live in water and ones that live
on land. In his perspective, life had a hierarchical
make-up and all living beings could be grouped in
this hierarchy based on their position from lowest to
highest. He placed the human species highest in
this hierarchy.
 Aristarchus

 Aristarchus attempted to calculate the relative

distance between the Earth and the Sun in the
3rd century BCE. He did this by measuring the
angle between the Moon and the Sun during a
half moon and using trigonometry. Aristarchus
concluded that the Sun is about 20 times further
away than the Moon and must be about 20 times
larger. This is because the Moon and Sun appear
to be the same size. This is most evident during
solar eclipses when the Moon blocks out the Sun
completely

 the first to propose the idea that

the Sun was the center of the
universe
Aristarchus invention

He invented a sundial in the

shape of a hemispherical bowl
with a pointer to cast shadows
placed in the middle of the bowl.
 Hipparchus

 the one who made fundamental

contributions to the advancement of
astronomy as a mathematical science
and to the foundations of
trigonometry. He is also commonly
ranked among the greatest scientists
of antiquity.

 considered to be the greatest astronomers of

ancient times.

 Measured earth’s distance to the moon.

 Discovered the wobbling of the earth.
Hipparchus invention

He invented the armillary sphere.

An armillary sphere is a miniature
representation of celestial objects
in the sky, depicted as a series of
rings centered around a globe
 Clauduis Ptolemy

 was a mathematician, astronomer,

geographer, astrologer and music
theorist, who wrote about a dozen
scientific treatises, three of which
were of importance to later
Byzantine, Islamic, and Western
European science.

 used Hipparchus observations to develop

the Ptolemaic System which describes the
earth as the center of the universe with the
sun, moon, planets and stars revolving
around it in a circular orbit.
Clauduis Ptolemy
invention

a star catalog containing 1022

stars. He says that he
"observed as many stars as it
was possible to perceive, even
to the sixth magnitude", and
that the ecliptic longitudes are
for the beginning of the reign
of Antoninus Pius (138 AD).
Galileo Galilei

 Galileo Galilei was an astronomer, physicist

and engineer, sometimes described as a
polymath, from Pisa, in modern-day Italy.
Galileo has been called the "father of
observational astronomy", the "father of
modern physics", the "father of the scientific
method", and the "father of modern science"

 supported Copernican model of the

universe
 Galileo Galilei
invention

This sector or proportional compass (also known as

a "military compass") was designed and built by
Galileo Galilei (1546-1642) around 1597. It
combined two separate instruments: one for making
observations (by adding a quadrant to its arms); the
other was a calculator for solving problems in
proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and
division, and for various functions, such as squares
and cube roots. Its several scales permitted easy
and direct solutions of problems in gunnery,
surveying and navigation
 Johannes Kepler
 was a German astronomer, mathematician,
astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on
music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century
Scientific Revolution, best known for his
laws of planetary motion, and his books
Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, and
Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae

 formulated the

Three Laws of Planetary Motion

 Johannes Kepler
invention

Keplerian telescope, instrument for viewing distant

objects, the basis for the modern refractive
telescope, named after the great German astronomer
Johannes Kepler. Its eyepiece, or ocular, is a convex
(positive, or convergent) lens placed in back of the
focus, the point at which the parallel light rays
converge; and the instrument produces an inverted
(“real”) image that can be projected or made visible.
 The three laws of
planetary Motion

There are actually three, Kepler’s laws that is, of

planetary motion:

 every planet’s orbit is an ellipse with the

Sun at a focus;

 a line joining the Sun and a planet sweeps

out equal areas in equal times; and

 the square of a planet’s orbital period is

proportional to the cube of the semi-major
axis of its orbit.
Members : Group 1

Acilo, Trisha M.
LEADER
Acero, Kholen
Alba, Steven Lee
Ajoc, Cristine Rose
Arnigo, Princess Bren