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IP Network Engineering Challenges

Dr. Thomas Bauschert

Senior Consultant
Network Planning and Design
Siemens AG, München

Email: thomas.bauschert@icn.siemens.de

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Outline

• Network Architecture
• IP Traffic Specification
• IP Network Dimensioning
• IP Traffic Engineering and QoS Provisioning
• Further important Engineering Issues
• Special Topic: MPLS - DiffServ: Combination of Traffic Engineering
and QoS Provisioning

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Network Architecture

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Network Architecture

• State-of-the-art network architecture:

• switched (MPLS) IP core network (highly meshed)
• multiple homed distribution/access routers
I n te r n e t
E xchange
In te r c o n n e c t
R o u te r
G ig a E th P a r tia lly m e s h e d
C o re S T M -6 4 / 1 6 0 

R o u te r(3 2 0 G )
R in g
S T M -1 6 /6 4 / 3 2  * G ig a E t h

D is tr ib u t io n D a ta C e n te r
R o u te r(4 0 G ) R o u te r
R in g
S T M -4 , G ig a E th / 3 2  * D a ta
A c c e s s R o u te r C e n te rs
A g g r . D e v ic e s S T M -1 /4 ,
G ig a E th
S T M -1
MGW
A ccess 100bT
E 1 , E 3 , S T M -1 L L
D e v ic e s Local
Exchange

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Network Architecture

• Future challenges:
• scaleable/reliable network architecture (to
accommodate huge IP traffic growth): Tbit/s-
routers required in near future
• switched (MPS) optical core network (ASON):
interaction of IP and optical layer (similar to
IPoATM)

state-of-the-art future

ATM ASON

virtual meshing via ATM PVCs physical meshing virtual meshing via wavelenghts

router throughput < 1 Gbit/s, router throughput < 1 Tbit/s, router throughput < 1 Tbit/s
STM-16 I/F STM-64 I/F n x STM-64 DWDM I/F

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IP Traffic Specification

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IP Traffic Specification (for Network Planning
Purposes)
Voice Video WWW FTP ... Services/
Applications
• State-of-the-art:
• traffic model stream/elastic traffic: Traffic Class 1 Traffic Class 2 Traffic Class 3 ... Traffic
Classes

stream traffic parameters: offered traffic + effective bitrate

elastic traffic parameters: flow arrival rate + average flow size Stream
Traffic
Stream
Traffic
Elastic
Traffic
Elastic
Traffic
IP Traffic
Types

• traffic matrix generation methodology QoS 1 QoS 2 QoS 1 QoS 2 (w/w.o. QoS
guarantee)
• arrival rate + duration • file arrival rate +
• or: offered traffic average file size
• offered traffic volume Traffic Parameter
• mean + peak bitrate
• average throughput QoS Param. (flow)
• blocking probability • or: average transfer time
• connection setup delay for file of specific size QoS Param. (packet)
• packet delay / jitter / loss • delay before data transfer
• packet delay / jitter / loss

Server
Site

2) 5)
6)
• Challenges: User 1) 4) ISPs /
Site IP Network Internet
• traffic classification: how many classes are really necessary? 3)
• which QoS metrics should be applied? (e.g. blocking probability for Cache

stream traffic is only reasonable in case of CAC)

• point-to-multipoint traffic description
strong relationship
to QoS mechanisms

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IP Network Dimensioning

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IP Network Dimensioning

a v e r a g e tim e
• State-of-the-art: to tr a n s fe r a file
o f le n g th x
f ile le n g t h r a tio C / r p eak

• single link dimensioning with multirate

Erlang-B (stream) and M/G/R-PS (elastic,
x  E (R ,R  ) 
ideal TCP behavior) model E { T ( x )} 
r peak
 1  2 
R ( 1   ) 

• dimensioning for tree-type access networks
• separate dimensioning for elastic / stream
p e a k b it r a te
traffic portions
u tiliz a tio n :  = ( · x m ean )/C

b bl ol oc ck ki ni ng g s so ol ul ut it oi on n o of f t ht he e
p pr ro ob ba ab bi li il ti yt y o of f e ef ff ef ec ct it vi ve e b bi ti rt ra at et e
c ch ha ar ra ac ct et er ri si st it ci c o of f t rt ra af ff if ci c c cl al as ss s s s
t rt ra af ff if ci c c cl al as ss s s s p po ol yl yn no omm

service discrimination
(realized by link buffer scheduler)
average TCP rs ( C )
throughput 1  M C 
Bs   E1 , 
offered C  d d 
elastic 1
traffic
elastic traffic M
volume

offered
b bi ti rt ra at et e o of f t ht he e
stream
stream traffic t ot ot at al lo of ff ef er re ed d e eq qu ui vi va al el en nt t s si ni ng gl el e
traffic carried t rt ra af ff if ci c v vo ol ul umm e e s se er rv ve er r s sy ys st et emm
stream
blocked traffic
stream admission control link capacity
traffic

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IP Network Dimensioning

• Challenges:
• link dimensioning model improvements:
- dimensioning formula for short flows
- M/G/R-PS extension for multiple rpeak
- consideration of QoS mechanisms and multiple QoS levels
• network dimensioning algorithm (similar to the well-known unified algorithm for PSTN and
ATM networks) with following features:
- integrated (IGP) routing optimization
- consideration of constraints imposed by TE and QoS mechanisms like MPLS, OMP, DiffServ
- multiple load period dimensioning - point-to-any dimensioning (for DiffServ networks)
- consideration of restoration capabilities (e.g. via MPLS)
- dimensioning for multiple QoS metrics
• integration of dimensioning algorithm and TE system in automated planning and engineering
system

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IP Traffic Engineering
and QoS Provisioning

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IP Traffic Engineering and QoS Provisioning

• State-of-the-art:
• separate application of Traffic Engineering and QoS mechanisms (multipath
routing (OMP), MPLS LSP adaption, DiffServ, IntServ) in IP networks

• Challenges:
• performance evaluation of TE / QoS mechanisms
• use of TE for fast load adaption and restoration
• development of optimum TE control algorithm (objectives/constraints of TE?)
• information exchange/interaction of TE mechanism and routing
• combination of different mechanisms: MPLS-OMP, MPLS-DS
- requires protocol enhancements > new IETF drafts
- driver: search for optimum tradeoff between
overprovisioning and complexity
- strong relationship to SLA formulation
- will admission control be really neccessary? Mu ltip a th
MPLS TE
• end-to-end QoS provisioning: reasonable scenarios Ro u tin g (OMP)

DiffS e rv

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Further important
Engineering Issues

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Further important Engineering Issues

• Optimization tasks concerning routing protocols:

• IGP (OSPF, ISIS) design / optimization rules
• EGP (BGP-4) design / optimization rules (e.g. application and # of route
reflectors, confederations etc.)
• traffic induced by routing protocol
• performance evaluation of routing protocols
• Optimization of Data Center (server site) locations
• Engineering of Data Centers

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Special Topic:
MPLS-DiffServ*

*partially taken from MPLS2000 Conference material

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MPLS-DiffServ

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MPLS-DiffServ

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MPLS-DiffServ

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MPLS-DiffServ
Overview

OMP MPLS DiffServ (DS) IntServ

MPLS-OMP DS over MPLS

(or: MPLS - DS):
•E-LSP
•L-LSP
increasing •TE not CoS aware!
complexity!
DS aware MPLS TE:
•TE is CoS aware

DS aware MPLS TE +
RSVP CAC for rt- reinvention of ATM!
Traffic (e.g. voice)

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MPLS-DiffServ
IETF Drafts
MPLS TE: • “Requirements for Traffic Engineering Over MPLS”
RFC2702, Informational RFC
• “RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels”
draft-ietf-mpls-rsvp-lsp-tunnel-07.txt, Aug 2000
• “Constraint-Based LSP Setup using LDP”
draft-ietf-mpls-cr-ldp-04.txt, Jul 2000
• “Extensions to ISIS for TE”
draft-ietf-isis-traffic-03.txt, Sept 2000
• “TE extensions to OSPF”
draft-katz-yeung-ospf-traffic-03.txt, Oct 2000
DS over MPLS: • “MPLS Support of Diff-Serv”
draft-ietf-mpls-diff-ext-07.txt, Aug 2000

DS aware MPLS TE: • “Requirements for support of Diff-Serv-aware MPLS

Traffic Engineering”
draft-lefaucheur-diff-te-reqts-00.txt, Jul 2000
• “Extensions to IS-IS, OSPF, RSVP and CR-LDP for
support of Diff-Serv-aware MPLS TE”
draft-lefaucheur-diff-te-ext-00.txt, Jul 2000

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MPLS-DiffServ
Example: MPLS TE

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MPLS-DiffServ
Example: DS over MPLS

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MPLS-DiffServ
Example: DS aware MPLS TE

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MPLS-DiffServ
Example: DS aware MPLS TE

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MPLS-DiffServ
Example: VoMPLS - DS aware MPLS TE with RSVP
CAC

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MPLS-DiffServ
VoMPLS: DS aware MPLS TE with RSVP CAC

“ultimate QoS” solution for VoMPLS:

QoS never degrades
automatic/dynamic traffic engineering of voice
(exceeds today’s TDM TE capabilities)
excess calls get rejected if/when EF-capacity exceeded
traffic patterns do not have to be known before
This level of sophistication is only useful in some
environments
Under construction at IETF

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MPLS-DiffServ

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Additional
Slides

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MPLS-DiffServ
IP VPN-Concepts: HOSE Model

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MPLS-DiffServ
IP VPN Concepts: PIPE Model

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MPLS-DiffServ
Necessary Enhancements for DS aware MPLS TE
Current IGP extensions for TE:
advertise “unreserved TE bandwidth” (at each preemption level)
Proposed IGP extensions for DS aware TE:
Class-Types= group of Diff-Serv classes sharing the same bandwidth constraint (eg
AF1x and AF2x)
advertise “unreserved TE bandwidth” (at each preemption level) for each Class-Type

Current LSP-signalling extensions for TE:

at LSP establishment signal TE tunnel parameters (label, explicit route, affinity ,
preemption,…)
Proposed LSP-signalling extensions for DS aware TE:
also signal the Class-Type
perform Class-Type aware CAC

Current Constraint Based Routing for TE:

compute a path such that on every link there is sufficient “unreserved TE bandwidth”
Proposed Constraint Based Routing for DS aware TE:
same CBR algorithm but satisfy bandwidth constraint over the “unreserved
bandwidth for the relevant Class-Type” (instead of aggregate TE bandwidth)

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