UCSP REVIEWER

Agents of socialization and enculturation

1. Family - is the primary agent of socialization of an individual upon
birth, throughout infancy and up to childhood.
2. Schools – various academic and social activities mold students
3. Peer Groups – refer to people who share the same interests or
characteristics such as age and social background.
4. Mass Media – includes forms of communication such as books,
magazines, newspapers, other print materials, radio, television, and
movies.
5. Religion and State – making church and government important
agents of socialization.
6. Historical events – tend to affect individuals and societies
differently.
PERSONALITY
• It refers to the sum total of all the physical or biological, psychological
or mental, social or cultural, emotional, and spiritual traits of a person
which underline his behavior and which makes him distinct, unique, or
different from others.
• Biological inheritance or heredity
• - Heredity refers to the physical or mental traits transmitted by the parents
to their offspring., wherein the child inherits the biological or physical
structures and mental capacity of his parents.
• Environment
• Refers to the physical surroundings, both natural and artificial,
which affect the growth, development, and existence of living
organisms.
Theories of personality development
• FREUD’S THEORY OF SOCIALIZATION
• Id- which is responsible for the satisfaction of physical desires
• Ego- is the rational part of the personality that interprets information obtained
through the senses.
• Superego- is the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral
standards
2. Cultural determinism is the belief that the culture in which we are raised
determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels.
3. Symbolic-Interactionism theory
the basic idea in this theory is that the personality is the result of the interaction
between individuals mediated by symbols or language.
4. Biological Determination Theory
- This theory views the inherited biological structures as the main
factor that determines human behavior.
5. Labeling theory
- It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and
stereotyping.
Sex refers to the general classifications of human beings as males and
females based on the differences of their primary sex organs and their
anatomical biological characteristics
Gender connotes the physical, social and cultural differences
between males and females.
Gender Identity refers to the conception that we have of ourselves as
men or women as a result of socialization.

Sex and Gender

Sex is BIOLOGICALLY CONSTRUCTED, Given by BIRTH, “male and
female”, what YOUR BODY IS.
Gender SOCIALLY COSNTRUCTED, Learned through SOCIALIZATION,
“masculine and feminine”, what you THINK YOUR BODY IS.
• CONFORMITY- One’s ways of thinking and behaving are in accord with the compelling
do’s and don’ts of the society.
• DEVIANCE- Any behavior that the members of a social group define as violating the
established social norms.
• SOCIAL DEVIANTS- Referred to as rebels, subversives, dissidents, non-conformist,
socially ill, socially outcasts, perverts, and other social labels.
• SANCTIONS- refer to systems of reward and punishments in order to ensure that norms
are followed and expectations are met
• REWARD- are positive sanctions for those who behave properly and punishments are
negative sanctions for those who behave improperly
• SANCTIONS MAY ALSO BE FORMAL OR INFORMAL
1. FORMAL SANCTIONS- used for violations of formalized norms in organizations or
associations and carried out by people with legal and moral authority to enforce them.
2. INFORMAL SANCTIONS- are gossip, unfavorable, and favorable public opinion, giving
or withdrawing of affection, love, or friendship, verbal admiration or criticism,
reprimands or verbal commendations.
RIGHTS
• - are the privileges, entitlements, benefits, and advantages possessed by an individual by virtue of his being,
or conferred upon the individual or group by the Constitution or by statutes.
HUMAN DIGNITY
• is the recognition that human beings possess a special value intrinsic to their humanity and as such are
worthy of respect simply because they are human beings.
COMMON GOOD
• refers to the general welfare, the general well being of all the members of the society.

• Basic Rights
People all over the world have basic rights:
1. Right to life 3. Right to property
2. Right to liberty 4. equal protection

Classes of rights Examples

3. Natural Rights Right to life, right to love
4. Constitutional Rights Bill of rights
5. Statutory Rights Minimum wage Law, 8-hour labor law
• Constitutional Rights
• The 1987 Constitution guarantees the people’s constitutional rights in its Bill of rights provisions
• The fundamental freedoms which are guaranteed are:
1. Freedom of speech
2. Freedom of the press
3. Freedom of expression
4. Freedom to associate, and
5. Freedom of religion

• Other freedom, liberties and rights include:

1. Right to due process of law
2. Right to equal protection of laws
3. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures
4. Right to privacy of communication and correspondence
5. Right of abode, right to travel,
6. Right to information on matter of public concern
7. Right to form unions
8. Right to just compensation
9. Rights of the accused
10. Rights of a person under custodial investigation
11. Right against double jeopardy
12. Rights against involuntary servitude
13. Right to speedy disposition of cases
14. Rights against imprisonment for non-payment of debt or of poll tax
15. Right against ex post facto law and bill of attainder.
MARRIAGE
A special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance
with law for establishment of conjugal and family life.
Views and aspects of marriage.
• Marriage is a contract. As a contract, it applies to a man and woman who agree
to love together as husband and wife and to fulfill to each other their
corresponding duties and obligations.
• Marriage is a sacrament. As a sacrament, it is an inviolable bond between a man
and a woman who take each other as husband and wife and that only death can
separate the spouses.
A.Nuclear Family- composed of a husband and his wife and their
children in a union recognized by other members of the society.
B. Extended family- a family that extends beyond the nuclear family,
including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live
nearby or in one household.

Two types of family structures

1. Conjugal family- corresponds to the nuclear family where priority is
given to marital ties.
2. Consanguineal family- corresponds to the extended family where
priority is given to blood ties.
2.. Based on Authority
This refers to whom the power and decision making is vested in the
family.
a. Patriarchy. It is one in which the authority is vested in the oldest
male in the family, often the father.
b. Matriarchy. It is one in which the authority is vested in the oldest
female in the family, often the mother.
c. Equalitarian. It is one which the husband and the wife exercise a
more or less equal amount of authority.
d. Matricentric. It is one in which the authority is vested in the mother
due to prolonged absence of the father.
1. According to number of spouses or mates
a. Monogamy- marriage between one man and one woman
b. Polygamy or plural marriage.
Three forms:
B1. Polygyny- one husband and two or more wives.
B2. Polyandry- one wife and two or more husbands
B3. Group marriage- two or more husbands and two or more wives.
Neolocal Residence. This is where the couple finds their own
house, independent from all family members.
•Patrilocal Residence. It’s where the married couple lives with
the husband’s father’s family. By living with the husband’s family, it
lets all the men, (the father, brothers, and sons) continue to work
together on the land.
•Matrilocal Residence. It’s where the couple moves to live where
the wife grew up; usually found with matrilineal kinship systems.
•Bilocal Residence. It gives the couple a choice of staying with
either the groom’s parents or the bride’s parents.
3. Based on norms on the selection of marriage partner.
a. Endogamy
- It is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from within his or her
group– tribe, nationality, religion, race, community or any other social grouping.
b. Exogamy- is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from outside his
or her group
c. Sororate prescribes that a widower can marry the sister or nearest kin of the
deceased wife.
d. Levirate prescribes that a widower can marry the brother or nearest kin of the
deceased husband.
WHY PEOPLE MARRY
1. Love
2. Economic security
3. Emotional security
4. Parent’s wishes
5. Escape from loneliness
6. Common interests
7. Parenthood
8. Physical attraction
9. Compatibility
10.Marital bliss and happiness.
11. Unhappy home situation
12. money
13. Companionship
14. protection
15. Adventure
16. Sex and sexual attraction
17. Begetting and rearing of children
18. acceptance of responsibility
19. death of former spouse
20. care and nurturance
FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY
1. Regulation of sexual behavior
2. Reproduction
3. Biological maintenance
4. Socialization
5. Care and protection function
6. Social placement or group status
7. Social control
Issues and problems that confront the Filipino
family
1. Family disorganization 11. early marriage
2. Abortion 12. child abuse
3. Extra marital relations 13. wife battering
4. Single parenthood
14. abandonment
5. Working mothers
15. poverty
6. Drug addiction
7. Juvenile delinquency 16. problems of the aged
8. Malnutrition 17. problems with in-laws
9. Squatterism 18. runaways kids
10. Cohabitation 19. health problems