4

 Desktop
 Sits on a flat surface
 Perfect for someone
who works from the
same desk all the time
 Laptop
 Designed to sit on
your lap
 Perfect for the person
on the go

The computers are broadly classified in to the following
categories and their technical specifications are given below
Micro computers
Mini computers
Main frame computers
 • Digital Data Processor (CPU)
A PC consists of 5 main
subsystems: • Input subsystem (Keyboard)
• Output subsystem (Display)
• Working Storage (RAM)
• Permanent Storage (Hard
Drive)
 Hardware: anything on the computer you can
physically touch
 Example: monitor, processor, motherboard
 Software: anything on the computer you can’t
touch, but makes it work
 Example: Internet Explorer, Word, operating system,
games,vlc player
 Software 2 types
 System software
 Application software
 Examples
 Windows xp
 Windows 7
 Windows 8
 Windows 10
 Unix,linux,android
 Input: Any hardware that gets information
into the computer
 Example: mouse, microphone, keyboard
 Output: Any hardware that sends information
out of the computer
 Example: monitor, printer, speakers
 Some devices can be both
 Example: floppy disk, CD-RW
 ESD: Electro-static Discharge
 Static electricity that can damage computer
components
 EMI: Electro-magnetic Interference
 Electrical interference that occurs from having
devices too close together.
 Most common output device
 Screen sizes are measured diagonally
 Attaches to the computer through a video port
 2 types
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
 Flat ones
 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
 Big bulky ones
 Most common input device
 Key arrangement called QWERTY
 Attaches to the computer with a 6 pin mini DIN,
USB connection, or wireless
 An extension of your
hand
 3 types
 Rolling ball & wheel
 Optical
 Track ball
 Attaches to the
computer through a 6
pin mini DIN, USB,
or wireless
 PCI
 Operates at a speed of 33 MHz or 66
MHz
 It is a 64 bit bus
 Communicates with processor using a
bridge circuit.
 PCI-X

 Operates at 133 MHz bus speed

 Offers 64 bit Band width
 Supports 1 GB/Sec data transfer rate
 Supports efficient bus operation
 Provides backward Compatibility

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 It is designed for connecting video cards.
 PCI bus with 2.1 version at 66MHZ is the basis for AGP
slot.
 It supports a new technique called texture cache.

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 Communication Network Raiser
Card

 This is a standard developed by Intel

 It contains chips for the functioning of
modems and audio devices.

 PCMCIA or PC Card

 It is an expansion board used for laptop

and notebook computers.
 It is used for interfacing components like
the Memory, fax/modems, SCSI
adapters

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 The following figure shows different Bus interfaces and the devices that
can be connected to each of them

22
 CMOS Battery
 Battery is used to power up the
Real time Clock Chip.
 This chip maintains the system
date and time.

 System Configuration
 The BIOS should find an
operating system on a hard disk
or floppy disk drive to start the
computer.

 Starting the Setup Program

 The settings made in the BIOS
setup program are stored in the
nonvolatile RAM of the CMOS
chip.

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 CMOS BIOS ROM

 Stores the basic system

configuration. The four
major components of
BIOS are

 POST
 Bootstrap Loader
 CMOS Setup
 BIOS ROM

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 Serial
 Parallel
 USB
 6 pin mini DIN
 Video
 Audio
 Network
 Ports and Peripherals

Ports are an interface between the

computer and another peripheral device
such as a disk drive, mouse, printer,
modem, monitor, camera, FLASH drive or
keyboard.
Examples:
Serial
Parallel
hot-wire
USB
 Used by keyboard
and mouse
 Not interchangeable
 Blue is for the
keyboard
 Green is for the mouse
 Also known as a ps/2
port (personal system
2)
 Both have 6 pins each
 Also called COM ports
 Male in gender
 Oldest connection
 Transfer data 8 bits at
a time—SLOW
 9 pin configurations
 Used today by GPS
cords, some joysticks
 Also called LPT ports
 Faster than Serial
 Transfer data 16 bits at
a time
 Female in gender
 25 pin configurations
 Used by some printers
today(dot matrix
printer)
 Stands for Universal Serial
Bus
 Fastest ports
 Automatically recognized
when plugged in
 No need to restart
computer for the device to
be recognized
 Used by mouse, printer,
scanner, etc.
 Usb can supports 127
devices
 USB 1.0 – speed 1.5 Mb/s
 USB 1.1 – speed 12 Mb/s
 USB 2.0 – speed 480 Mb/s
 USB 3.0 – speed 5 Gb/s
 Male in gender
 15 pins
 Only port with 3
rows of pins
 Used by the monitor
 It is also known as
video graphics array
port
 A Video Graphics
Accelerator (VGA)
port is used to connect
a monitor to the
notebook. The
standard
VGA port is a 15-pin
connector.
 DVI port - Digital Visual Interface port
 digital interface standard used by digital monitor
such as a digital flat panel monitor, and digital TVs
(HDTV).
 for a video card that only has a DVI port, you can
purchase a VGA converter so you can connect a
standard VGA cable to use a regular analog monitor.
 HDMI (HiGH-Definition Multimedia
Interface) is a proprietary audio/video
interface for transferring uncompressed video
data and compressed or uncompressed
digital audio data from an HDMI-compliant
source device, such as a display controller, to a
compatible computer monitor, video projector,
digital television, or digital audio device.[4]
HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video
standards.
 Plug speakers, microphone, & headphones into
 Plug in a modem or a network line
 Allows access to the Internet and a local network
 Ethernet is the most common type of connection
computers use in a local area network (LAN). An
Ethernet port looks much like a regular phone jack,
but it is slightly wider. This port can be used to
connect your computer to another computer, a local
network, or an external DSL or cable modem.
 Defined as any device that externally connects
to a computer.
 Example: scanner, MP3 player, digital camera
 Personal Computer –
Extended Technology
(PC-XT)

 Introduced by IBM, 8088

microprocessor was used.

 It has socket for the

processor and chips

42
 main board or
pcb(printed circuit
board)
 All devices attach to the
computer here
 Largest board in the
computer
 Has copper traces which
transmit data to various
locations on the board
 Introduction
 Motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board which possesses
different components for various purposes. It contains

 CPU
 BIOS,
 Memory
 I/O ports
 External I/O connectors
 I/O controllers
 Expansion slots
 Chipsets.

45
 AT and Baby AT

 To overcome the problem

created by AT Form factor, the
Baby AT form factor was
introduced.

 Baby AT is designed to hold the

peripheral devices like
keyboard, video and mouse.

 It could not accommodate the

combination of processor, heat
sink and fan. Cooling

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 ATX and Micro ATX form
factor

 Here expansion slots were

placed on separate riser cards.
 It provides software
controlled shut down and
power up.

 Micro ATX form factor

 More space for I/O

connectors was provided at
the rear end.

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  LPX and Mini-LPX

 It has sound and video to be

integrated on to the
motherboard.
 It is not suitable for upgrading
and offers poor cooling.

 NLX

 Small in size
 Suited for low profile desktop
cases

49
 Chipset and Functions

 Different chips integrated to a

single chip called the chipset.

 North bridge and South

bridge was introduced to the
motherboard with PCI slots.

 The south bridge controls the

slower I/O components like
the Serial ports, USB ports
and the IDE.

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 The new technology, Intel Hub Architecture (IHA) uses two chips
called hub controllers.

 The hub controllers are

 Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH)
 I/O Controller Hub (ICH)

 The chipset determine

 The voltage provided to the processor
 Number of processors that can be supported
 The speed of the processor
 The different memory modules that are supported
 Bus speed
 The different expansion bus that are supported
 Power Management

51
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 The brain of the computer
 Traffic controller: tells all the other
devices what to do and when to do it
 2 types
 Slot
 Looks like a card
 Socket
 Contains pins
 Use ZIF (Zero
Insertion Force)
when placing on the
motherboard
 Because of all the activity they get hot
 Heat pulled away by
 Heat sync
 Processor fan
 Thermal grease between heat sync and processor
 ROM
 Read Only Memory
 Permanent (not upgradeable or erasable)
 RAM
 Random Access Memory
 Upgradeable
 Erased when power is cut
 Allows the computer to multitask--do more than
one thing at a time
 Sits in slots called Banks on the motherboard
 Bank 0 should be filled first
 3 form factors
 SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
 Old & slow
 DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)
 Middle ground
 RIMM (Rhombus Inline Memory Module)
 Newest & fastest

RIMM
SIMM

DIMM
 ISA (Industry
Standard
Architecture)
 Black ones
 slow
 PCI (Peripheral
Component
Interface)
 White ones
 faster
 ISA
 Becoming obsolete
 PCI
 Used for network cards, sound cards, etc
 AGP
 Accelerated Graphics Port
 Video cards plug in here
 Usually brown
 Converts AC power
(from an outlet) to
DC (for the computer
to use)
 Powers the
motherboard and all
devices that attach to
it.
 2 types of
connections
 Mini: connects to
floppy drive
 Molex: connects to
hard drive, CD-Rom,
& DVD-ROM
molex mini
 CMOS Battery
 Complimentary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor
 Keeps track of the date
and time even when the
computer is shut off
 Looks like a watch
battery
 Data Cables or Ribbon
Cables
 Connects storage devices
to the motherboard
 Pink/Red wire denotes
pin 1 which must be lined
up properly on both the
motherboard and the
device
 Floppy
 contains a twist
 34 wires
 Pin 1 furthest from
power
 CD, hard drive, &
DVD
 No twist
 40 wires
 Pin 1 closest to power
 Connecting two or more devices to one data
cable.
 Example: Connecting a CD and a CD-RW both to
the same data cable.
 Hard drive
 Known as the C drive
 Stores all the software to make the
computer function
 Gets power from a molex
 Attaches to the motherboard with a
data cable
 Hooks to the primary IDE on the
motherboard
 magnetic media: data held on
device by magnetic force
 CD-ROM
 Compact Disc
 Used for songs, installing software, etc
 Gets power through a molex
 Attaches to the motherboard with a data cable
 Attaches to the secondary IDE on the motherboard
 Often known as the D drive
 Optical media: data will not be lost or degraded
over time
 USB Flash
drive
• A USB flash drive consists of a
flash memory data storage
device integrated with a USB
(Universal Serial Bus) interface.
• USB flash drives are typically
removable and rewritable, and
physically much smaller than a
floppy disk.
• Most weigh less than 30 gram.
Storage capacities in 2010 can
be as large as 256 GB with
steady improvements in size
and price per capacity expected.
 Floppy Drive
 3 ½ floppy disk drive
 Always the “A” drive
 Gets power through a mini
 Attaches to the motherboard through a data
cable that has fewer pins than those for the CD
and hard drive
 Data cable unique because of a twist
 Attaches to the motherboard in the slot labeled
floppy disk
 magnetic media: data will be lost over time and
use
 DVD
 Digital Video Disk
 Gets power through a molex
 Attaches to the motherboard with a data cable
 Attaches to the secondary IDE on the motherboard or
daisy chained to other devices
 Useful for movies or larger files
 Optic media: data will not degrade over time
 CD-RW & DVD-RW
 RW= Rewritable
 Capable of saving information to these devices
 Save to CD or DVD through a process known as
“burning”
 Uses same hookups as CD and DVD
Bit 1 or a 0 (on or off switch used in
binary code)
Byte B 1 byte = 8 bits
Kilobyte KB 1 KB = 1024bytes
Megabyte MB 1 MB = 1024kilobytes
Gigabyte GB 1 GB = 1024megabytes
Terabyte TB 1 TB = 1024gigabytes
Petabyte PB 1 PB = 1024 terabyte
exabyte EB 1 EB = 1024 petabyte
Zetabyte ZB 1 ZB = 1024 exabyte
200 KB = ??? Bytes
920 GB = ??? Bytes
1.25 TB = ??? Bytes
30 MB = ??? KB
6 GB = ??? MB
2000 TB = ??? GB
4.7 GB = ??? MB
 3 ½ inch floppy disk = 1.44 MB
 CD(COMPACT DISK) = 700 MB
 Equivalent to 500 floppy disks
 DVD(DIGITAL VERSATILE DISK) = 4.7 GB
 Equivalent to 3,263 floppy disks
 Equivalent to 6 ½ CD’s
 Hard drive, CD, DVD, CD-
RW, & DVD-RW can be
configured in 2 ways
 Master: In charge of the devices
 Slave: Does only what the
master requests
 Used only if more than one
similar device
 Done with a jumper
 Video Card
 Network Card
 Sound Card
 Monitor plugs into
 Sits in an AGP slot on the motherboard
 Expensive to support PC gaming
 Also called NIC (Network Interface Card)
 Used to get online or into a network
 Attaches to the
motherboard
through
a PCI slot
(perhaps ISA)
 Speakers, microphone, etc plug in here
 Attaches to a PCI slot (perhaps ISA)