Rocks

What Rocks Tell Us

Rock Type How Classified What it Tells Us
Composition Tectonic Setting
Igneous
Texture Cooling History

Chemical Composition Surface Environment

Sedimentary
Energy of
Grain Size
Environment

Composition Original Rock Type

Metamorphic Mineral Makeup Temperature, Pressure

Texture Degree of Change

IGNEOUS ROCKS
(BATUAN BEKU)
CLASSIFICATION AND NAMING OF
IGNEOUS ROCKS

 Igneous rocks are classified and named

on the basis of
 Where they form & their texture
 Their composition
 Igneous Rocks
Based on Where They Form
 Plutonic (intrusive) Igneous Rocks
 Form by crystallization of molten rock material
below Earth’s surface
 Volcanic (Extrusive) Igneous Rocks
 Form by crystallization of molten rock material
above Earth’s surface
 Lavas flow out, are extruded
 Pyroclastic volcanic rocks are blasted out
 Ash is very fine-grained pryoclastic material
 Blocks are large solid blocks that are blasted
out
 Bombs are large molten blobs that are blasted
out
 Pillow Lava

Sheeting Joint
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Bowen’s Reaction Series

VULKANIK PLUTONIK

Dunite,
(Langka)
Peridotite

Basalt Gabro, Diabas

Andesit, Trakit Diorit, Monzonit

Riolit Granit, Adamelit

 VULKANIK PLUTONIK

Dunite,
(Langka)
Peridotite

Basalt Gabro, Diabas

Diorit,
Andesit, Trakit
Monzonit
Granit,
Riolit
Adamelit

Dunite Olivine
 VULKANIK PLUTONIK

Dunite,
(Langka)
Peridotite

Basalt Gabro, Diabas

Diorit,
Andesit, Trakit
Monzonit
Granit,
Riolit
Adamelit

Basalt Diabas
 VULKANIK PLUTONIK

Dunite,
(Langka)
Peridotite

Basalt Gabro, Diabas

Diorit,
Andesit, Trakit
Monzonit
Granit,
Riolit
Adamelit

Andesite Diorit
 VULKANIK PLUTONIK

Dunite,
(Langka)
Peridotite

Basalt Gabro, Diabas

Diorit,
Andesit, Trakit
Monzonit
Granit,
Riolit
Adamelit

Riolit Granit
Penamaan batuan sedimen
Struktur Batuan Sedimen
Well Bedded - Bedding Planes are obvious
Cross Bedding - - Probably most common
Three Types:
(1) Planar (Tabular)
(2) Trough
(3) Hummocky
stoss lee
 Herring bone Cross Bedding
Bidirectional Flow
Tide dominated, Sandy Environments
 Graded Bedding
Reverse Grading -- From Coarse to Fine in
Upwards Direction; NOT very common
Normal grading Reverse grading

decreasing flow velocity increasing flow velocity

Individual Laminations within Eolian Cross Strata have this
Upward Fining; Indicates Decreasing Flow Normal Grading
 Other Kinds of Bedding Plane Markings
DEFORMATION

Fig. 7.27c

Stephen Marhsak

Modern mudcracks on a dry playa lake

Slate (left) and
phyllite (right)

Figure 8.14
Garnet-mica schist

Figure 8.11
Gneiss
 Metamorphic rocks
• Nonfoliated rocks
• Marble
– Coarse, crystalline
– Composed of calcite or dolomite crystals
 Quartzite
– Parent rock: quartz-rich sandstone
– Quartz grains fused together
 Marble

Quartzite
Figure 8.17