INTRODUCTION

TO CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY FORM 4 KSSM

Prepared by:
NURULKAMILAH BINTI KHAIRIR
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

1.1 Development of chemistry and its importance in daily life

1.2 Scientific investigation in Chemistry

1.3 Application, management and handling of apparatus and materials

1.1 Development of chemistry and its impor-
tance in daily life
1.1.1 State the meaning of chemistry

1.1.2 State examples of chemicals commonly used in daily life

1.1.3 Generate ideas on the development of chemistry and the contributions of

chemical technology to mankind

1.1.4 State examples of careers related to chemistry

 Meaning of Chemistry

Chemistry is a field of science that studies

the structures, properties, compositions &
interactions between matters

Origin of word chemistry:

Al-kimiya (Arabic word)
 Chemicals in Daily Life

Food Medicine
• Preservative • Antibiotic
• Colouring • Antiseptic
• Flavouring • Vitamin
• Antioxidant • Chemotherapy
• Stabiliser • Analgesic

Agriculture Industry
• Herbicide • Paint
• Pesticide • Polymer
• Fungiside • Glass
• Fertiliser • Ceramic
• Hormone • Detergent
• Colouring
• Alloy
 Development in Chemistry Field and
Contributions of Chemical Technology

01 Contribution of chemists
02 Development of chemical technology

03 Careers in the field of chemistry

04 Chemicals in daily life
Careers Related to Chemistry

Biotechnolgy
• Biotechnology researcher
• Biomedical engineer
Cosmetics
• Cosmetic chemist
Nanotechnology • Cosmetic consultant
• Nanotechnology engineer
• Food scientist
Green Technology
• Green technology
chemist
Pharmaceutical
• Engineer
• Doctor
• Pharmacist
Test yourself 1.1 (pg. 8)

1. What is meant by chemistry?

Chemistry is one of the science fields that studies the structure,
properties, composition and interactions of matter.

2. List out five types of chemicals used in daily life

Preservative, vitamin, pesticide, paint, detergent (any other
acceptable answers).
3. Give one example of development of chemistry in industries
Technological development in food preservation (any
other acceptable answers).

4. List out at least three careers related to chemistry in

the following situations:
(a) Searching for an antidote for dengue fever
(b) Producing palm trees with a high content of oil

(a) Researcher, doctor, pharmacist

(b) Biotechnology researcher, farmer, biotechnology engineer
(any other acceptable answers).
1.2 Scientific investigation in chemistry

1.2.1 Design an experiment to test hypothesis

1.2.2 Investigate the effect of temperature on the solubility of salt in water us-
ing a suitable scientific method
Scientific Method
Experiment 1.1
To study the effect of temperature on solubility of salt in water
To study the effect of temperature on the
solubility of salt in water
Test yourself 1.2 (pg. 11)

1. What is meant by scientific method?

Scientific method is a systematic method used by scientists
and researchers when solving problems in science.

2. Why is a scientific method important in chemistry?

State your opinion.
Scientific method helps chemists to solve problems through
systematic scientific steps
3. You are given a bucket of ice cubes, a little sugar, a measuring
cylinder and a stopwatch. Plan an experiment to determine
whether sugar increases the melting rate of the ice.
(Student’s suitable answer)
Hypothesis: The addition of sugar will increase the rate of melting of ice
Manipulated variable: Mass of sugar used
Responding variable: Rate of melting of ice
Fixed variable: Surrounding temperature, type of sugar used, mass of ice
Procedure:
1. Weigh 200 g ice and put in a small pail.
2. Put the small pail in a shaded place for 5 minutes.
3. After 5 minutes, use a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of water formed
in the pail.
4. Record the reading in a table.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by adding 10 g, 30 g and 50 g sugar.
1.3 Usage, Management and Handling of
Apparatus and Materials

1.3.1 Explain the types and functions of self protective equipments and safety in the laboratory

1.3.2 Demonstrate methods of managing and handling apparatus and materials

1.3.3 Communicate about emergency management procedure in laboratory

Personal Protective Equipment
Below include an image in each box of appropriate lab dress.

Laboratory coat Safety Glasses

Chemical Resistant Face mask

Laboratory Shoe
Gloves
Fire Extinguisher Fume Chamber
 To wash and clean the body when a chemical
1
accident occurs on parts of the body
E A Laboratory shoes
2 To extinguish fire in the laboratory B B Fire extinguisher
To protect the feet from injuries caused by chemical
3
spills and sharp objects
A C Laboratory coat
Carry out experiment that release toxic vapours,
4
cause combustions or produce pungent smells
F D Gloves
To wash and clean the eye when accidents occur on
5
parts of the eye
I E Safety shower
To protect the respiratory organs from chemicals H
6
(powder/fumes)
F Fume chamber

7
To prevent dust/splashes of chemicals from getting
G G Safety glasses/goggles
into the eyes

To protect the body and clothes against chemical C H Face mask

8
spills (acid/alkalis/organic solvent
To protect hands from injuries, chemicals or I Eyewash station
9 D
infection
Methods of Managing and Handling
Apparatus and Chemicals
Weighing and heating of solid Filtration and distillation

01 http://bit.ly/2MzE6Do
02 http://bit.ly/2pI0scC

Electrolysis, gas collection and gas Titration

03 04
test
http://bit.ly/2W3RLpl
http://bit.ly/2MzEMbU
Storage and Disposal of Chemicals
Storage of Chemicals
Heavy metals and toxic
substances
Reactive substances

Reactive metals such as Toxic substances and heavy

lithium, sodium and metals should be kept
potassium are stored in special labelled containers
in paraffin oil to prevent and kept in a locked
reaction with the moisture room which is heat free
in the air.

Substance that decom-

Hydrocarbons and or- Substance with pH <5 pose easily
ganic solvents and pH > 9
Substances that decompose
easily in the presence
Volatile and inflammable Corrosive chemicals of light, for example
liquids like hydrocarbons (pH<5 and pH>9) are concentrated nitric acid,
and organic Usually stored in special hydrogen peroxide solution,
solvents should be stored storage cabinets that are silver nitrate solution, liquid
in shady areas far from kept locked. bromine and liquid chlorine
sunlight and heat source. are stored in dark bottles.
 Disposal of Chemicals
Organic solvents and
hydrocarbon
Most are volatile and Heavy metals and
Inflammable toxic substances
Hydrogen peroxide Kept in special con-
Low conc. – sink tainers made of glass Kept in plastic bags and
High conc. – dilute with or plastic left to evaporate in the
water and added with fume chamber. Then
sodium sulphite  sink the bag is tied and put
into a container. Then it
is discarded according
to standard procedure

Volatile substances
Solid wastes Substance with pH <5
and pH > 9 Stored in closed con-
Eg. glass, rubber – dis- tainers and kept away
posed into special con- Strong acids and alkalis from sun and heat
tainer – kept in closed la-
belled containers
Emergency Management Procedure in the
Laboratory

1 2 3 4 5

1 4
Inform your teacher or the laboratory
assistant about the accident immedi- Clean the chemical spill
ately

2 Prohibit other students from entering the

accident site

5 Dispose of the chemical spill by

following the correct procedure

3
Stop the spill from spreading to other ar-
eas b using sand to border it
Mercury Spill
Steps to be taken the moment mercury
spills occurs
Inform your teacher or the laboratory assistant about the accident

Make the spill site as the prohibited area

Sprinkle sulphur powder to cover up the

spill

Contact the Fire and Rescue Department for further action

Test yourself 1.3 (pg. 18)

1. List out three safety steps while in the laboratory

– Do not play in the laboratory
– Wear protective equipment when carrying out experiments
– Do not bring food or drinks into the laboratory.
(any other acceptable answers).
2. Give the functions of the following equipment:
(a) Fume chamber, (b) Safety shower, (c) Laboratory coat

(a) A specially designed equipment to carry out experiments that

release fumes that are toxic, flammable or pungent.
(b) Used to wash and clean the body when accidents occur to the
body. This equipment is also used to put out fire that occurs
on the body
(c) Used to protect the body and clothes from spillage of chemi-
cals such as acid, alkali and organic solvent.
3. How would you manage solid wastes such has glass and
rubber in the laboratory?

Solid residue such as glass and rubber must be thrown in special

containers
4. Explain how would you test the presence of oxygen and
hydrogen gases
Oxygen gas – put a glowing wooden splinter into the test tube;
the glowing wooden splinter is rekindled.
Hydrogen gas – put a lighted wooden splinter at the mouth of
the test tube; a ‘pop’ sound is heard.
5. Explain how you can get the most accurate reading in
titration

Repeat the titration until the difference of two volume values does
not exceed 0.05 cm 3
Achievement Test 1
Page 20 - 21
 Thank you
Insert the title of your subtitle Here