Intramuscular-Injection

The delivery of exact quantities of drug

assured by intramuscular administration, but
the rate of drug absorpsion may vary widely.

Factors that influence absorption rate the

vascularity of the site, the degree of ionization
and lipid solubility of the drug, the volume of
injection and the osmolarity of the solution,
among others.
The site of injection seems to be a particularly
critical determinant of the absorption rate of
drugs after intramuscular administrasion.
Drug are usually injected into the arm(deltoid),
thigh (vastus lateralis) or buttocks (gluteus
maximus).
Drugs are often administered by intramuscular
injection to patients who are unable or unwilling
to receive oral medication. This route is also
used for drugs that are poorly absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract. Intramuscular
injection are usually considered safer and easier
to administer than intravenous injections.
 Subcutaneous Injection
Absorption drugs from subcutaneous tissues is
influenced by the same factors that determine
the rate of absorption from intramuscular sites.
Consequently, absorption may be relatively
slower. Absorption may be hastened by
massage, application of heat to increase blood
flow to the injected area, or incusion of the
enzyme hyaluronidase in the drug solution.
The enzyme breaks down the hyaluronic acid of
the connective tissue matrix, allowing the drug
solution to spread over a wide area. Absorption
can be slowed by adding a vasocontrictor such
as epinephrine to the injection solution.
The most important drug that is routinely
administered subcutaneously is insulin.
 Aerosols
The high degree of vascularity in the lungs
suggests that drug delivered to this site is
rapidly absorbed. Although there have been
many investigations on the absorption of gases
from the lung, there is little quantitative
information concerning pulmonary absorption
of drugs presented in the form of solid or liquid
particulates.
Although, in principle any drug in tended for
systemic effects may be administered by way of
the lungs, in practice, aerosol administration has
been essensially limited to those drugs that
affect pulmonary function, foe example,
bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antialergic
agents.