STATISTICS

INTRODUCTION AND
DEFINITIONS
STATISTICS
A field of study concerned with methods
:and procedures of
Collection, Organization, Classification & -
.Summarization of data
)Descriptive Statistics(
Analysis, and Drawing of inferences -
about a body of data when only a part of
data are observed. ( Analytic Statistics)
BIOSTATISTICS

When the data being analyzed are

derived from biological and medical
sciences, the term “ Biostatistics” is
.used
ADVANTAGES
Carrying out a research .1
Statistical analysis should be considered
in the planning phase of the study
Evaluating published articles .2
Statistical errors are common in clinical
researches that may invalidate the
.conclusion
ADVANTAGES
Ethical consideration .3
It is unethical to use erroneous statistics
especially in scientific publications. Using
harmful or ineffective treatment or
avoidance of useful treatment can occur
.if the statistics is wrong
Professional and personal satisfaction .4
 PURPOSES
Data reduction .1
By condensing data to
manageable proportions thus
facilitating interpretation
Evaluate role of chance .2
To see if the effect of a certain event is a real
one
Sampling and generalization .3
What proportion of discharged patients required
readmission? What are their characteristics?
The answer required generalization of the
.sample's result
APPLICATIONS
 Are the differences between groups
significant?
 Are these two measures related or
associated?
 Can one predict the value of one variable
from knowledge of the values of other
variables‫؟‬
 Variables
A characteristic that takes on different values
things.eg.
 Variables

Quantitative Qualitative
Variables
Variables

The variable It is the variable that

that can be measured can not be measured
in the usual sense in the usual sense
of measurement but can be described or
,as age , weight, height categorized ..Socio-economic
…
 QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
;.. eg
.socio-economic groups -
ill person with medical diagnosis -
In this case we count the number of 
individuals falling into each category as
the socioeconomic status, diagnostic
…,category
Quantitative
Variables

DISCRETE VARIABLE CONTINOUS VARIABLE

It does not posses the gaps
It is characterized by
or interruption, It can assume
gaps or any value within a
interruptions
in the values specified interval of values
.that it can assume assumed by any variable

The number of daily -

admissions ,Weight-
The number of decayed,- ,Height-
missing or filled teeth Mid-arm circumference-
per child
 VARIABLES SCALE
NOMINAL SCALE .1
It uses names, numbers or other symbols. Each
measurement assigned to a limited number of
unordered categories and fall in only one
.category
males & femaleseg.

ORDINAL SCALE .2
Each measurementto assigned a
limited number of categories that are ranked in
a graded order. ( 1st, 2nd, 3rd..)
. •
VARIABLES SCALE
INTERVAL SCALE .3
Each measurement is assigned to one of
unlimited categories that are equally
.spaced with NO true zero point

RATIO SCALE .4
Measurement begins at a true zero
point and the scale has equal intervals
POPULATION
POPULATION OF ENTITIES •
Largest collection of entities that had
common characteristics for which we have
.an interest at a particular time

POPULATION OF VARIABLES
It is the largest collection of values of a
random variable for which we have an
.interest at a particular time
SAMPLE

It is part or subset of the population •

:Sample of entities
which is a subset of population of entities
:Sample of variables
which is subset of population of variables
GROUPED DATA
To group a set of observations, we select a
set of contiguous, non overlapping
intervals, such that each value in the set
of observation can be placed in one, and
only one, of the interval, and no single
.observation should be missed
:The interval is called
.CLASS INTEVAL
NUMBER OF CLASS INTERVALS
: The number of class intervals
Should not be too few because of the loss •
of important information. and
Not too many because of the loss of the •
. needed summarization

thereWhen classificationprioria is thatof

particular observation we can follow that
classification ( annual tabulations), but when there
is no such classification we can follow the
Sturge's Rule
NUMBER OF CLASS INTERVALS

:Sturge's Rule
k=1+3.322 log n

k= number of class intervals •

n= number of observations in the set •

The result should not be regarded as final, modification •

is possible
WIDTH OF CLASS INTERVAL
The width of the class intervals should be the
. same, if possible

R
-------- = W
K

W
= Width
of the
class
interval
R= Range (largest value –
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
It determines the Fasting blood Frequency
glucoselevels
number of
observations falling 60 < 10
into each class 60-62 23
interval 63-65 33
66-68 22
69-71 34
+72 33
155
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
It determines the • Fasting blood Frequency Relative frequency
glucoselevels
proportion of %

observation in the 60 < 10 6.45

particular class 60-62 23 14.84
interval relative to 63-65 33 21.29
the
66-68 22 14.19
total
.in the set
observations 69-71 34 21.94
+72 33 21.29

155 100
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
Fasting blood Frequency Cumulativ
This is calculated by • glucose e
adding the number of levels frequency
distribution
observation in each 60 < 10
class interval to the 10
60-62 23
number of 33
63-65 33 66
observations in the
66-68 22 88
,class interval above
starting from the 69-71 34 122
second class interval +72 33 155
.onward 155
 EXERCISE
• The followings 76 86 70 85 66
are the weights 55 73 49 79 56
(Kg) of 45 adult 62 65 77 78 71
male 73 69 72 77 47
individuals
attending a
primary health 88 58 68 59 73
care centers: 90 99 55 64 85
41 63 54 68 66
52 63 48 90 85
72 65 83 80 71
1 76 10 86 19 70 28 85 37 66
2 55 11 73 20 49 29 79 38 56
3 62 12 65 21 77 30 78 39 71
4 73 13 69 22 72 31 77 40 47
5 88 14 58 23 68 32 59 41 73
6 90 15 99 24 55 33 64 42 85
7 41 16 63 25 54 34 68 43 66
8 52 17 63 26 48 35 90 44 85
9 72 18 65 27 83 36 80 45 71
EXERCISE
:Construct a table showing •
Frequency 
Relative frequency 
Cumulative frequency 
.Cumulative relative frequency distribution 
:Number of class intervals
K=1+3.322 log n
log45 1+3.322=
X 1.653 1+3.322=
6.4=
6=
:Width of class interval

99-41 R
------- =W= ------ =
9.7 = 10
K

6
 CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIV CUM.REL.
INTERVA FREQUENCY E FREQUENCY
L (Kg) % FREQUENCY %

40-49 4 8.9 8.9

4
50-59 7 15.6 11 24.5
60-69 11 24.4 22 48.9
70-79 13 28.9 35 77.8
80-89 7 15.6 42 93.4
90-99 3 6.7 45 100.1
Total 45 100.1
Thanks