MOBILE COMPUTING

SEM -VI(CSC603)

CHAPTER 5
By,
1
Prof. Urjashree Patil
SYLLABUS
 Prerequisite: Computer Network

Module
Unit No. Topics Hrs.
No.
5.1 Mobility Management : Introduction, IP
Mobility, Optimization, IPv6
5.0 06
5.2 Macro Mobility : MIPv6, FMIPv6
5.3 Micro Mobility: CellularIP, HAWAII, HMIPv6

 Chapter objectives:
 To provide an opportunity for students to understand the key
components and technologies involved and to gain hands-on
experiences in building mobile applications.
 Chapter outcomes: On successful completion of chapter
learner should be able to,
2
 To describe and apply the concepts of mobility management
5.1 UNIT OVERVIEW
 Mobility Management : Introduction
 IPMobility
 Optimization
 IPv6

 Expected Question: Write Short note on Mobile IP? 3

(10M)
INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE IP
 IP mobility is set of mechanisms that allows an IP mobile
node to move freely between different IP networks while
maintaining IP connectivity in a transparent way.
 Packets are sent to a mobile device based on the location
information contained in the IP address.
 If a mobile device, or mobile node, moves to a new
network while keeping its IP address unchanged, its
address does not reflect the new point of attachment.
 In that case, we need to reconfigure the mobile node with
new IP address representing its new location.
 IP mobility maintains connectivity without interrupting
ongoing communications. 4
Mobile IP

Tunneling

5
MOBILE IP
 Mobile IP(MIP) Allows mobile device users to move
from one network to another while maintaining a
permanent IP address.
 It is enhancement of Internet Protocol (IP) that adds
mechanisms for forwarding internet traffic to mobile
devices when they are connecting through other than
their home network.

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MOBILE IP

7
MOBILE IP
 Every host have a home address within Home Network.
 Home network has a Home Agent that provides several services for
the mobile node.
 Traffic destined to the Home Network of Mobile Node will always
be routed to the Home Agent.
 If mobile node is in its Home Network, traffic will be forwarded
directly to the mobile node.
 If the mobile node has moved to some another network called as
Foreign Network, traffic will be IP tunneled by the Home Agent to a
Care-of-Address which defines the current location of the mobile
node.
 Every Foreign network has Foreign Agent which provides several
services to the mobile node during its visit to the Foreign Network.
 The FA can have the COA acting as a tunnel endpoint when
forwarding packets to the MN. 8
OPTIMIZATION
Triangular Routing
 With Mobile IPv4 there is always a triangular traffic
pattern.
 The IP packet from CN (Correspondent Node) destined
to an MN needs to be routed to its HA first and then
tunneled to the foreign agent of the MN.
 If CN and MN are very near, then also the IP packet has
to travel a long way to reach the MN.
 This is called as Triangular Routing.

 The triangle is made of the three segments:

1. CN to HA
2. HA to COA/MN
3. MN back to CN 9
OPTIMIZATION
Triangular Routing

10
ROUTE OPTIMIZATION TO AVOID
TRIANGULAR ROUTING
 The optimized mobile IP protocol needs four additional messages,
1. Binding request
If a node wants to know where the MN is currently located, it can send a
binding request to the HA.
2. Binding update
The HA sends binding update to the CN and informs the CN the current
location of an MN. The binding update can request an acknowledgement.
3. Binding Acknowledgement
On request, after receiving a binding update message, anode returns a
binding acknowledgement.
4. Binding warnings
 A binding warning message is sent by a node if it decapsulte a packet for
an MN but it is not the FA for that MN currently.
 If CN receives the binding warning, it requests the HA for a new binding
update.
 If the HA receives the warning, it directly sends a binding update to CN. 11
ROUTE OPTIMIZATION TO AVOID
TRIANGULAR ROUTING
Message Exchange in optimization protocol when MN
changes its FA

12
 OPTIMIZED MOBILE IP WORKING
 The CN request current location of MN from the HA.
 HA returns the COA of the MN via update message.
 CN acknowledge this updated message and stores mobility binding.
 Now CN can send data directly to the current foreign agent FAold. FAold now forwards these data to MN.
 The MN might now change its location and register with an new foreign agent FA new.
 FAnew informs FAold about new registration of MN via an update message and FA old acknowledged this
update message.
 CN doesn’t know about the current location of MN, its till tunnels its packets for MN to the old foreign
agent FAold.
 The FAold notices packets destined to MN but also knows MN currently not in current FA.
 FAold might now forward these se packets to the new COA of MN which is new foreign agent.
 Thus the packets that are in transit are not lost. Which is optimization to basic mobile IP and provides
smooth handover.
 FAold sends binding warning message to CN. CN then requests a binding update.
 The HA sends an update to inform the CN about the new location, which is acknowledged. Now CN can
send data directly to FAnew, and avoid triangular binding.
 However, the optimization will not work if the MN does not want to reveal its current location to the CN
because of security.
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5.1 UNIT OVERVIEW
 Mobility Management : Introduction
 IP Mobility

 Optimization

 IPv6

 Expected Question: Write Short note on IPv6?(10M)/ 14

Explain IPv6 Header format.(10M)
IPV6
 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet
Protocol (IP) and the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed.
 IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal
with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. 
 IPv4 is based on 32-bit addressing, limiting it to a total of 4.3 billion
addresses.
 IPv6 is based on 128-bit addressing and can support 340 trillion 3 addresses.
Having more addresses has grown in importance with the expansion of
smart devices and connectivity.
 IPv6 provides more than enough globally unique IP addresses for every
networked device currently on the planet, helping ensure providers can keep
pace with the expected proliferation of IP-based devices.
 In addition to addressing, IPv6 benefits include:

 Stateless address autoconfiguration

 Optional NAT (Network Address Translation)
 Easier administration with DHCPv6
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 Improved quality of service with flow labeling
ADVANTAGES OF IPV6
 Larger address space: IPv6 has 128 bit address space which is
4 times wider in bits compared to IPv4’s 32 bit address space. So
there is a huge increase in the address space.
 Better header format: IPv6 uses a better header format. In its
header format the option are separated from the base header. The
options are inserted when needed between the base header and
upper layer data. This helps in speeding up the routing process.
 New options: New options have been added in IPv6 to increase
the functionality.
 Possibility of extension: IPv6 has been designed in such a way
that there is a possibility of extension of protocol if required.
 More security: IPv6 includes security in the basic specification.
It includes encryption of packets (ESP: Encapsulated Security
Protocol) and authentication of the sender of packets (AH:
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Authentication Header)
ADVANTAGES OF IPV6
 Support to resource allocation: To implement better support for
real time traffic (such as video conference), IPv6 includes flow
label in the specification. With flow label mechanism, routers can
recognize to which end-to-end flow the packets belongs.
 Plug and play: IPv6 includes plug and play in the standard
specification. It therefore must be easier for novice users to
connect their machines to the network, it will be done
automatically.
 Clearer specification and optimization: IPv6 follows good
practices of IPv4 and rejects minor flaws/obsolete items of IPv4. 17
ADVANTAGES OF IPV6
 IPv6 has three different types of addresses.
 Unicast: A unicast address defines a single computer. A packet
sent to a unicast address is delivered to that specific computer.
 Anycast: This is a type of address that defines a group of
computers with addresses which have the same prefix. A packet
sent to an anycast address must be delivered to exactly one of
the members of the group which is closest or the most easily
accessible.
 Multicast: A multicast address defines a group of computers
which may or may not share the same prefix and may or may
not be connected to the same physical network. A packet sent to
a multicast address must be delivered to each member of the set.

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IPV6 MOBILITY SUPPORT
 IPv6 mobility enables a mobile node to move from one link to another link
without changing the mobile node's IP address.
 IPv6 mobility assigns an IP address to the mobile node within its home subnet
prefix on its home link. This address is known as the node's home address.
 Thus, packets that are routed to the mobile node's home address reach their
destination.
 The mobile node's current point of attachment to the Internet does not matter.
 The mobile node can continue to communicate with other nodes, stationary or
mobile, after moving to a new link.
 IPv6 mobility solves the problem of transparently routing packets to and from
mobile nodes while away from home.
 IPv6 mobility does not solve all the problems that are related to the use of
mobile computers or wireless networks as follows,
 The ability to handle links with partial reachability, such as typical wireless
networks. However, a movement detection procedure addresses some aspects.
 Access control on a link that is being visited by a mobile node. 19
IPV6 PACKET HEADER
 The basic IPv6 packet header has a fixed length of 40 bytes to
simplify IPv6 packet handling and to improve the forwarding
efficiency.

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Fig. IPv6 Header Format 
IPV6 PACKET HEADER
 The IPv6 header has 40 octets, in contrast to the 20 octets in the
IPv4 header.
 IPv6 has fewer fields, and the header is 64-bit-aligned to enable
fast, efficient, hardware-based processing.
 The IPv6 address fields are four times larger than in IPv4.
 IPv6 contains fields similar to 7 of the 12 IPv4 basic header
fields (5 plus the source and destination address fields) but does
not require the other fields. The IPv6 header contains the
following fields:
 Version: A 4-bit field, the same as in IPv4. For IPv6, this
field contains the number 6; for IPv4, this field contains the
number 4.
 Traffic class: An 8-bit field similar to the type of service
(ToS) field in IPv4. This field tags the packet with a traffic
class that it uses in differentiated services (DiffServ) QoS. 21

These functions are the same for IPv6 and IPv4.

IPV6 PACKET HEADER
 Flow label: This 20-bit field is new in IPv6. It can be used by
the source of the packet to tag the packet as being part of a
specific flow, allowing multilayer switches and routers to
handle traffic on a per-flow basis rather than per-packet, for
faster packet-switching performance. This field can also be
used to provide QoS.
 Payload length: This 16-bit field is similar to the IPv4 total
length field.
 Next header: The value of this 8-bit field determines the type
of information that follows the basic IPv6 header. It can be
transport-layer information, such as Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP), or it can be
an extension header. The next header field is similar to the
protocol field of IPv4.
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IPV6 PACKET HEADER
 Hop limit: This 8-bit field specifies the maximum number of
hops that an IPv6 packet can traverse. Similar to the time to live
(TTL) field in IPv4, each router decreases this field by 1.
Because there is no checksum in the IPv6 header, an IPv6
router can decrease the field without recomputing the
checksum; in IPv4 routers, the recomputation costs processing
time. If this field ever reaches 0, a message is sent back to the
source of the packet, and the packet is discarded.
 Source address: This field has 16 octets (128 bits). It identifies
the source of the packet.
 Destination address: This field has 16 octets (128 bits). It
identifies the destination of the packet.
 Extension headers: The extension headers, if any, and the data
portion of the packet follow the other eight fields. The number
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of extension headers is not fixed, so the total length of the
extension header chain is variable.
5.2 UNIT OVERVIEW
 Macro Mobility : MIPv6
 FMIPv6

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 Expected Question: Write Short note on MIPv6?(10M)

MACRO MOBILITY : MIPV6(MOBILE IPV6)
 Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a protocol developed as a subset of Internet
Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to support mobile connections.

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Fig. System architecture for MIPv6

1) MIPV6(MOBILE IPV6) PROTOCOL
 Subset of IPv6 which support mobility.
 Authenticate mobile device using IPv6 addresses.
 If we disconnect a mobile device from the internet and want to
reconnect through a different network, then device need to be
reconfigured with new IP address.
 MIPv6 allows a mobile node to transparently maintain
connections while moving from one subnet to another.
 Each device is identified by its home address although it
maybe connecting to through another network.
 Connecting through a foreign network, a mobile device sends
its location information to a home agent, which intercepts
packets intended for the device and tunnels them to the
current location.
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5.2 UNIT OVERVIEW
 MacroMobility : MIPv6
 FMIPv6

27
 Expected Question: Write Short note on FMIPv6?(5M)
FMIPV6(FAST HAND OVER FOR MOBILE
IPV6) PROTOCOL
 During handover, there is period during which the mobile
node is unable to send or receive packets. This period is called
as Hand over latency.
 HOL occurs due to movement detection, new care of address
configuration, binding updates etc.
 FMIPv6 reduce long handover latency in mobile IPv6 by fast
movement detection and fast binding update.
 It uses anticipation based on layer 2 trigger information of
MN to obtain a new care-of address at the new link while still
connected to the previous link, thus reduces handover delay.
 It reduces packet loss by buffering before the real link layer
handover takes place.
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5.3 UNIT OVERVIEW
Micro Mobility: CellularIP
 HAWAII

 HMIPv6

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 Expected Question: Write Short note on Cellular IP?(10M)
MICRO MOBILITY
 A high load on Home Agent and on network occurs
because of registration and binding update in case of
large number of mobile devices changing networks.
 IP Micro mobility offers fast and seamless handover
control in limited geographical areas.
 Micro mobility approaches

1. Cellular IP
2. HAWAII
3. HMIPv6-Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

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1) CELLULAR IP
 Why Cellular IP?
 Largenumber of mobile devices changing network frequently
and moving very fast causes high load on home agent and on
network generated by registration and binding update
messages.
 New robust, simple, flexible protocol for highly mobile
hosts
 Supports local mobility

 Accommodate large number of users by separating idle

host from active hosts.

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CELLULAR IP ARCHITECTURE

32
 CELLULAR IP ARCHITECTURE
 Consist of three major components.
 Cellular IP gateway (GW)
 Cellular IP mode or the base station (BS)
 Cellular IP mobile node host (MH)
 Important component of a Cellular IP network is the base station (BS)
 CIP consist of several interconnected BSs.
 The BSs communicate with mobile host (MHs) via wireless interface
and also route IP packets inside the cellular network.
 The BS are built on regular IP forwarding engines, but IP routing is now
replaced by Cellular IP routing and cellular location management.
 CIP gateway router connects a cellular IP network and the regular
Internet.
 Mobility within access network is handled by Cellular IP.
 IP address of gateway serves as the care-of-address for all mobile hosts 33
that are currently attached to the network.
 ROUTING IN CELLULAR IP
 Uplink packets (packets originating from mobile host) are routed from
mobile host to the gateway on a hop-by-hop basis.
 The path taken by these packets is cached in base station. This cache is
called routing cache.
 To route downlink packets addressed to a mobile host the path used by
recent packets transmitted by the host (that are already stored in route
cache) is reserved.
 A mobile host who wants to maintain its routing cache mappings,
transmit route-update packets at regular interval to keep their routing
cache mapping valid.
 These packets are empty data packets addressed to the gateway. 34
PAGING IN CELLULAR IP
 For idle mobile host, their downlink soft state routes timeout
and are removed from routing cache.
 Those host transmit paging update packets at regular intervals.
 Paging update packet is an empty IP packet addressed to the
gateway. It is distinguished from route update packet by its IP
type parameter.
 Paging update packets are routed on a hop-by-hop basis to the
gateway.
 All the idle mobile hosts have mappings in paging caches but
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not in routing caches.
PAGING IN CELLULAR IP
 Active mobile hosts have mappings in both routing as well as
paging cache.
 Packets addressed to a mobile host are normally routed by routing
cache mappings.
 Paging occurs when a packet is addressed to an idle mobile host and
the gateway or base stations find no valid routing cache mapping for
the destination.
 Paging cache is used to avoid broadcast search procedures found in
cellular systems.
 If there is no entry in the paging cache, then the packet addressed to
an idle mobile host is broadcast in the access network. This may
happen when transmitting first packet to any host.
 Idle mobile host that receive a packet, move from idle to active state
and immediately transmit a route-update packet.

36
 HANDOVER IN CELLULAR IP
 Cellular IP implements MCHO (Mobile Controlled Handover) thus, in
CIP, handoff is initiated by Mobile Host (MH).
 MH listens to the beacon transmitted by BSs and initiates handover based
on signal strength measurements.
 To perform handoff, an MH tunes its radio to the new BS. It then sends a
route update packet to this new BS.
 This creates entry in a routing cache on route to the gateway, thus,
configuring the downlink route to the new BS.
 During the handoff process time, downlink packets may be lost. The
mapping associated with theold base station are not cleared at handover,
rather they timeout as the associated soft-state timers expire.
 The mapping associated with the old BS are cleared after the expiry of a
timer.
 Before the timeout, both the old and new downlink routes remain valid
and packets are delivered through both the BSs. 37
 Thus, Cellular IP uses semisoft handover to improve handoff performance.
ADVANTAGES OF CELLULAR IP
1. Provides easy Global migration
2. Cheap Passive Connectivity
3. Efficient Location Management
4. Flexible Handoff
5. Simple Memory less mobile hosts

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5.3 UNIT OVERVIEW
Micro Mobility: CellularIP
 HAWAII
 HMIPv6

39

 Expected Question: Write Short note on HAWAII?(5M)

HAWAII(HANDOFF-AWARE WIRELESS ACCESS
INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE)
 Working
1. On entering an HAWAII domain, a mobile node obtains a
co-located COA.
2. MN registers with the HA
3. When MN moving another cell inside the foreign
domain, the MN sends a registration request to the new
base station as to a foreign agent.
4. The base station interprets the registration request and
sends out a handoff update message, which reconfigures
all routers on the paths from the old and new base station
to the crossover router. When the routing has been
reconfigure successfully, the base station sends
registration reply to the MN, again as if it were a foreign
agent. 40
HAWAII

41
 HAWAII(HANDOFF-AWARE WIRELESS
ACCESS INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE)
 Advantages
1. Security: Challenge response extensions are mandatory. Routing
changes are initiated by foreign domains infrastructure.
2. Transparency: HAWAII is mostly transparent to mobile nodes.
 Disadvantages
1. Co-located COA raises DHCP security issues
2. Decentralized security-critical functionality in base station
3. Authentication of HAWAII protocol messages unspecified
4. MN authentication requires PKI or AAA infrastructure
5. There are no provisions regarding the setup of IPsec tunnel
42
6. No private address support is possible because of co-located
COAs
5.3 UNIT OVERVIEW
Micro Mobility: CellularIP
 HAWAII

 HMIPv6

43
 Expected Question: Write Short note on HMIPv6?(5M)
HMIPV6- HIERARCHICAL MOBILE
IPV6
 It provides micro-mobility support by installing a
mobility anchor points (MAP)
 MAP is an entity which is responsible for a certain
domain and acts as a local HA within this domain for
visiting MNs.
 MAP receives all packets on behalf of the MN,
encapsulates and forwards them directly to the MN’s
current address LCOA(Link COA)
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HMIPV6 (HIERARCHICAL MOBILE IPV6)

45
HMIPV6 (HIERARCHICAL MOBILE IPV6)
 Advantages
1. Security: MNs can have location privacy because LCOAs
can be hidden
2. Efficiency: Direct routing between CNs sharing the same
link is possible
 Disadvantages
1. Transparency: Additional infrastructure component
(MAP)
2. Security: Routing tables are changed based on messages
sent by mobile nodes. This requires strong authentication
and protection against denial of service attacks.
Additional security functions might be necessary in
MAPs.
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 CHAPTER 5
FINISHED
THANK TOU.
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