BITS F110

Engineering Graphics

BITS Pilani Sayantan Chakraborty, Ph.D., AM. ASCE.

sayantan.chakraborty@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

5/9/22 1
 BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Lecture 8: Projection of Solids

5/9/22 2
Learning Outcome
 Learn the nomenclature used for engineering solids

 Learn the method of drawing projection of solids placed at

various orientations

3
Division of Engineering Solids
 Polyhedra: Solids bounded by planes

 Regular polyhedra – Solids bounded by equal faces

 Tetrahedron, Hexahedron, Octahedron, etc.

 Irregular polyhedra – Solids bounded by unequal faces

 Prism, Pyramid, etc.

 Solids of revolution: Solid formed by revolution of a plane

figure about its own edge

 Cylinder, cone, sphere, etc. 4

Regular Polyhedra

A Regular Polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by regular

polygons (faces) which meet in straight lines called edges.

Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron

5
 Irregular Polyhedra: Prism
 Prisms are polyhedra having two equal faces called its ends or
bases, parallel to each other and joined by other faces which
are rectangles

 The imaginary line joining the centers of the bases is called

Axis of Prism

Triangular Pentagonal Hexagonal Square 6

Prism Prism Prism Prism
Irregular Polyhedra: Pyramid

 Pyramids are polyhedra having plane surface as a base

and a number of triangular slant faces meeting at a point
called the Apex.

 The imaginary line joining the Apex with the Center of the
base is called Axis of pyramid.

Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal 7

Pyramid Pyramid Pyramid Pyramid
Solids of Revolution

A right cylinder is a solid generated A right circular cone is a solid

by the revolution of a rectangle generated by the revolution of a
about its vertical side which right-angle triangle about its vertical
remains fixed side which remains fixed
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Right Solid and Oblique Solid

A solid is said to be a Right A solid is said to be an Oblique

Solid if its axis is Solid if its axis is inclined at an
perpendicular to its base angle other than 90° to its base

Axis

Axis
Base Base 9
Frustum

When a Pyramid or a Cone is cut by a plane parallel to its

base, thus removing the top portion, the remaining lower
portion is called its frustum.

10
 Truncated Pyramid/Cone

When a Pyramid or a Cone is cut by a plane inclined to its

base, thus removing the top portion, the remaining lower
portion is said to be truncated.

11
https://owlcation.com/stem/How-to-develop-a- http://www.graphicalcommunication.com/
Truncated-Cone lessonnotes/truncsquarepyramid.php
Projection of Solids:
Guidelines
 If a solid has its axis inclined to one reference plane and
parallel to the other, its projections are drawn in two stages.

 In the initial stage, the solid is assumed to be in a simple

position, i.e., its axis is perpendicular to one of the reference
planes (HP or VP).

 If the axis is inclined to the ground, i.e., the HP, it is assumed to

be perpendicular to the HP in Stage 1. In Stage 1, the true
shape of the base of the solid is drawn in the TV.

 if the axis is to be inclined to the VP, it is assumed to be

perpendicular to the VP in Stage 1. In Stage 1, the true shape
of the base of the solid is drawn in the FV. 12
Projection of Solids:
Guidelines
While drawing the true shape (TS) of the base, the following
conventions are considered. If it is resting on:
 Base-edge: Draw that base-edge perpendicular to the xy line.
 Base-corner: Draw a line joining that base-corner and the
center of the base parallel to the xy line.
 Slant face: Draw a base-edge of that slant face perpendicular
to the xy line.
 Slant/vertical edge: Draw a line joining the base-corner of that
slant/vertical edge and center of the base parallel to the xy line.13
 Types of Problems & Stages

Type I - Axis inclined to one principal plane and parallel to other

 In Stage 1 (simple position), orient object (as per guidelines) such that
axis is parallel to one principal plane and perpendicular to the other
principal plane.

 In Stage 2, apply inclination of the axis wrt. one principal plane while
still remaining parallel to the other principal plane.
 Types of Problems & Stages

Type II - Axis inclined to both principal planes

 In Stage 1 (simple position), orient object (as per guidelines) such that
axis is parallel to one principal plane and perpendicular to the other
principal plane.

 In Stage 2, apply inclination of the axis wrt. one principal plane while
still remaining parallel to the other principal plane.

 In Stage 3, apply inclination of the axis wrt. to the principal plane to

which it was parallel to in Stage 2 (while maintaining inclination
already applied in Stage 2).
 Example 1
(Type I - Axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP)
A hexagonal prism having base edge 100 mm and height 150 mm is resting on one of
its base edges on the ground in such a way that the axis is inclined 70° to the
ground and parallel to VP. Draw projections of the solid.

 Resting on ground: 3rd

angle method of projection

 Resting on HP: 1st angle

method of projection

16
 Example 1
(Type I - Axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP)
A hexagonal prism having base edge 100 mm and height 150 mm is resting on one of
its base edges on the ground in such a way that the axis is inclined 70° to the
ground and parallel to VP. Draw projections of the solid.
True shape (TS) of base in FV Orientation of TS of base in Stage 1?
or TV in Stage 1? If it is resting on:
 Base-edge: Draw that base-edge
 If the axis is inclined to the ground or perpendicular to the xy line.
HP, it is assumed to be perpendicular to
the HP in Stage 1. In Stage 1, the true  Base-corner: Draw a line joining that base-
shape of the base of the solid is corner and the center of the base parallel
drawn in the TV. to the xy line.

 If the axis is to be inclined to the VP, it
is assumed to be perpendicular to the
VP in Stage 1. In Stage 1, the true
shape of the base of the solid is drawn
in the FV.
 Slant face: Draw a base-edge of that slant
face perpendicular to the xy line.
 Slant/vertical edge: Draw a line joining the
base-corner of that slant/vertical edge and
center of the base parallel to the xy line.
17
Example 1
(Type I - Axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP)
A hexagonal prism having base edge 100 mm and height 150 mm is resting on
one of its base edges on the ground in such a way that the axis is inclined 70°
to the ground and parallel to VP. Draw projections of the solid.
Resting on Ground Surface – 3rd Angle
(1) f,6 (2) f1 61
 If the axis is inclined to the
ground or HP, it is assumed TV
a,1 e,5 a1 11 51
e1
to be perpendicular to the
HP in Stage 1 (simple 21 d1 41
b,2 b1
position). In Stage 1, the d,4

true shape of the base of c,3 c1 31

the solid is drawn in the TV. X Y
’
’ d 1’,e 1
c 1’,f 1
b’,a’ c’,f’ d’,e’ ’
 Resting on base-edge: b 1’,a 1
Draw that base-edge
perpendicular to the xy line ’
FV 4 1’,5 1
in Stage 1. 3 1’,6 1
’
G ’ L 18
2’,1’ 3’,6’ 4’,5’ 2 1’,1 1
Example 2
(Type I - Axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP)
A square pyramid having base diagonal 200 mm and height 175 mm is resting on one
of its base corner on the ground in such a way that, the slant edge associated with
that corner is vertical. Draw projections of solid if the axis is parallel to the VP.
True shape (TS) of base in FV Orientation of TS of base in Stage 1?
or TV in Stage 1? If it is resting on:
 Base-edge: Draw that base-edge
 If the axis is inclined to the ground or perpendicular to the xy line.
HP, it is assumed to be perpendicular to
the HP in Stage 1. In Stage 1, the true  Base-corner: Draw a line joining that base-
shape of the base of the solid is corner and the center of the base parallel
drawn in the TV. to the xy line.

 If the axis is to be inclined to the VP, it
is assumed to be perpendicular to the
VP in Stage 1. In Stage 1, the true
shape of the base of the solid is drawn
in the FV.
 Slant face: Draw a base-edge of that slant
face perpendicular to the xy line.
 Slant/vertical edge: Draw a line joining the
base-corner of that slant/vertical edge and
center of the base parallel to the xy line.
19
Example 2
(Type I - Axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP)
A square pyramid having base diagonal 200 mm and height 175 mm is resting
on one of its base corner on the ground in such a way that, the slant edge
associated with that corner is vertical. Draw projections of solid if the axis is
parallel to the VP. Resting on Ground Surface – 3rd Angle
(1) d (2) d
1
 If the axis is inclined to the
ground or HP, it is assumed TV
c a1 o1,c1
to be perpendicular to the a
o
HP in Stage 1 (simple
position). In Stage 1, the
b1
true shape of the base of b
the solid is drawn in the TV. X Y
o ’
o’ 1

 Resting on base-corner:
Draw a line joining that FV
a1 ’
base-corner and the center
b1 ’,
of the base parallel to the d1 ’ 20
G a’ c1 ’ L
xy line. b’, d’ c’
Question
Square pyramid resting on one of its slant face on the ground in Stage 2 with
its axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP.

Stage 1 TV orientation?

TV
OR
Resting on Ground Surface – 3rd Angle
X Y

Resting on slant face: Draw a base-edge of that slant face

perpendicular to the xy line. 21
Question
Hexagonal prism resting on one of its base corner on the ground in Stage 2
with its axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP.

Stage 1 TV orientation?

TV
OR
Resting on Ground Surface – 3rd Angle
X Y

Resting on base-corner: Draw a line joining that base-

corner and the center of the base parallel to the xy line.
L 22
Question
Hexagonal prism resting on one of its vertical edge on the ground in Stage 2
with its axis parallel to VP.

Stage 1 TV orientation?

TV
OR
Resting on Ground Surface – 3rd Angle
X Y

Resting on slant/vertical edge: Draw a line joining the base-

corner of that slant/vertical edge and center of the base parallel
L 23
to the xy line.
Example 3
(Type I - Axis inclined to VP and parallel to HP)
A cone having base diameter 200 mm and height 200 mm is resting on
circumferential point of base on the ground with axis inclined 50° to VP and
parallel to the ground. Draw projections of solid if the apex is towards the
observer. Resting on Ground Surface –13rd Angle
(1) 2, 4 1 (2)
1 3 2
TV 1 ,4
 If the axis is to be inclined 1

to the VP, it is assumed to 3

1
be perpendicular to the VP
in Stage 1 (simple position).
In Stage 1, the true shape o o1
X Y
of the base of the solid is 2’ 21’
drawn in the FV.

o’ 11’ 31’
1’ 3’ o1’
FV
24
G L
4’ 41’
Example 4
(Type II - Axis inclined to both HP and VP
True inclination of axis with HP and Apparent inclination with VP are given)
Draw the projection of a right circular cone of base diameter 50mm and
altitude 60mm when it lies on its curved surface on HP with the TV of axis
making an angle of 45° with VP.
Resting on HP – 1st Angle
(1) (2) (3)
 For stage 2, if the axis
is inclined to the
ground or HP, it is FV
assumed to be
perpendicular to the
HP in Stage 1 (simple
position). In Stage 1,
the true shape of the
base of the solid is
drawn in the TV. TV

27
Example 5
(Type II - Axis inclined to both HP and VP
True inclinations of axis with HP and VP are given)
A cone, diameter of base 60mm and height 70mm, is resting on HP on the
point of periphery of the base. Axis of the cone makes 60° with HP and 30°
with the VP. Draw the projections of the cone, when the apex is nearer to the
VP.
Resting on HP – 1st Angle

For Stage 2, if the axis is inclined to the ground or HP, it is assumed to be

perpendicular to the HP in Stage 1 (simple position). In Stage 1, the true
shape of the base of the solid is drawn in the TV.

In Stage 3, true inclination of axis with VP is 30° (note: question does not
say TV of axis is inclined at 30° to VP)

28
 O1’ O2’
O’

a1’ a2’
70

g2’ c2’
a’ e’ 60 e2’
b’,h’c’,g’d’,f’ e1’ O2 30 Y
X Locus of
L .
g g1 e2 T. O2
h f
g2 O c2
e1
60

a e a1 O O1
a2
b d
c c1
 Summary of Steps

 In Stage 1 (simple position), orient object as per guidelines such that

axis is parallel to one principal plane and perpendicular to the other
principal plane.

 In Stage 2, apply inclination of the axis wrt. one principal plane while
still remaining parallel to the other principal plane.

 In Stage 3, apply inclination of the axis wrt. to the principal plane to

which it was parallel to in Stage 2 (while maintaining inclination
already applied in Stage 2).

 Check if the inclination imparted in Stage 3 is true inclination of the axis

or apparent inclination

 Use projection of straight lines theory on true length, true inclination,

apparent length, and apparent inclination
 BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

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5/9/22 31