Aircraft 101

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 General objectives

Aircraft design
Components, wings, airframe, landing gear
Materials and fasteners

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Aircraft design

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Global process

Customer needs Preliminary design Detailed design

Regulations Advanced design Production

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Customer needs

Identification of potential customers

Costs, reliability, performances, etc.
Focus groups with airlines
Preparing the specifications

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 FAR

(federal aviation regulations)

FAR 25
Commercial aircraft regulations
FAR 23
Civil aircraft regulations (business, etc.)

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Canadian regulations

To obtain a type certificate an aircraft must:

Conform to the Aeronautics Act
Part V - Airworthiness

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Preliminary design

Development of an airplane model

Selection of materials (envisioned)
Engines
Performance calculations
Stress
Overall view of the plane

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Advanced design

Drawings to show the general layout of parts inside the aircraft

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Detailed design

Producing drawings for each part

Teamwork:
Methods
Purchasing
Other

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Detailed design

At the same time

Drawing for the tools to be used for manufacturing and assembly
Approval of drawings
Transfer to Methods department

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Detailed design

Design
Components
Tools and procedures
Testing of main components
Structure
Landing gear
Etc.
Confirmation weight and performances

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Methods

Prior to production:
Process sheets
Integration of checkpoints
During and after production:
F.A.I (First Article Inspection Report)
Assembly manuals
Movement manuals

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Aircraft testing

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Wind tunnel testing

Aerodynamic forces are based on the relative speed of an aircraft through the air
Wind tunnels are indispensable tools

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Specialized wind tunnels

Free flight wind tunnel

Spin test wind tunnel
Wind tunnel for studying the formation of ice
Wind tunnel for wing airfoil test (2 D)
Smoke wind tunnel
Environmental study wind tunnel
Transport aircraft wind tunnel

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Model & instrumentation

Building of the model

Accurate representation of the aircraft
Materials used
Laminated mahogany (100 mph)
Mahogany with steel reinforcements
Aluminum
Composite materials

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Model & instrumentation

Surface finish must be perfect

Major parts of the aircraft must be easily movable to allow configuration changes
Measurement of force, moment and pressure distribution

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Balances

Must measure the three forces and three moments

Lift
Drag
Lateral force
Pitching, roll and yaw
These forces moments must be measured without moving the model

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Ground testing

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Static test

A static test program consists of a series of tests performed up to 100% of the ultimate
load on an instrumented airframe
These tests simulate the different loads which the aircraft experiences during the flight
critical phase
Thermal effects are also simulated for extreme operating conditions

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Static test

Purpose of these tests:

Ensure that the basic design is structurally adequate for the ultimate load
Determine the degree of compliance with the structural design criteria
Determine the available growth potential
Avoid and anticipate any difficulties in structural maintenance

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Static test

At least one airframe for each aircraft model will be tested up to the ultimate load for all
critical conditions
This test must be carried out so that there is no delay in obtaining the flight certificate for
the maximum cargo capacity of the aircraft

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential
 Fatigue tests

Fatigue tests on the airframe consist in repeated application of the charges expected
during aircraft operation on all structural components
These tests will help determine the sources of damages due to fatigue and the
satisfactory operational life for the airframe

© 2017 MHI Canada Aerospace, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential