HYPOTHESIS TESTING 2

Social Work Statistics

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A sociodemographic assessment conducted by the DSWD indicates that the average
monthly income of a lower-middle-class Filipino family is Php15,000.00 A
researcher conducted another assessment and advanced that the average monthly
income is actually Php15,500.00.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Rosie is an aging sheepdog who gets regular check-ups from her owner, the local
veterinarian. Let x be a random variable that represents Rosie’s resting heart rate (in
beats per minute). From past experience, the vet knows that x has a normal
distribution with The vet checked the Merck Veterinary Manual and found that for
dogs of this breed, beats per minute. Over the past six weeks, Rosie’s heart rate was
measured to have an . The vet is concerned that Rosie’s heart rate may be slowing.
Do the data indicate that this is the case?
THE ELEMENTS OF A TEST
HYPOTHESIS
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho): A theory about the values of one or more population
parameters. The theory generally represents the status quo, which we accept until it
is proven false

2. Alternative (research) hypothesis (Ha): A theory that contradicts the null

hypothesis. The theory generally represents that which we will accept only when
sufficient evidence exists to establish its truth.

3. Test Statistic: A sample statistic used to decide whether to reject the null
hypothesis.
THE ELEMENTS OF A TEST
HYPOTHESIS
4. Rejection region: The numerical values of the test statistic for which the null
hypothesis will be rejected. The rejection region is chosen so that the probability is that
it will contain the test statistics when the null hypothesis is true, thereby leading to a
type 1 error. The value of is usually chosen to be small (e.g., 0.01, 0.05, or 0.10) and is
referred to as the level of significance of the test.

5. Assumptions: Clear statement(s) of any assumptions made about the population(s)

being sampled

6. Experiment and calculation of test statistic: Performance of the sampling experiment

and determination of the numerical value of the test statistic.
THE ELEMENTS OF A TEST
HYPOTHESIS
7. Conclusion:
(a) If the numerical value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region, we reject
the null hypothesis and conclude that the alternative is true. We know that the
hypothesis-testing process will lead to this conclusion incorrectly (Type I error) only
100 of the time when Ho is true

(b) If the test statistic does not fall in the rejection region, we do not reject Ho. Thus
we reserve judgment about which hypothesis is true. We do not conclude that the
null hypothesis is true because we do not (in general) know the probability that our
test procedure will lead to an incorrect acceptance of Ho (Type II error).
 LARGE-SAMPLE TEST OF HYPOTHESIS ABOUT A
POPULATION MEAN
One-Tailed Test Two-Tailed Test
Ho: Ho:
Ha: or Ha:

Test Statistic: Test Statistic:

Rejection Regions: Rejection Regions:

when Ha: or when Ha: or
when Ha: when Ha:
Where is chosen so that P Where is chosen so that P

Assumptions: No assumptions need to be made about the probability distribution of the population
because the CLT assures us that, for large samples, the test statistic will be approximately normally
distributed regardless of the shape of the underlying probability distribution of the population.
Note: is the symbol for the numerical value assigned to under the null hypothesis
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A sociodemographic assessment conducted by the DSWD indicates that the average monthly income
of a lower-middle-class Filipino family is Php15,000.00, pop’n SD = 100. A researcher conducted
another assessment among 50 randomly selected lower-middle-class Filipino family and advanced
that the average monthly income is actually Php15,500.00.
PROBLEM 1
It is hoped that a newly developed pain reliever will more quickly produce a
perceptible reduction of pain in patients after minor surgeries than a standard pain
reliever. The standard pain reliever is known to bring relief in an average
of 3.5 minutes with standard deviation 2.1 minutes. To test whether the new pain
reliever works more quickly than the standard one, 50 patients with minor surgeries
were given the new pain reliever and recorded their times to relieve. The experiment
yielded a sample mean x¯= 3.1 minutes with a sample standard deviation
s=1.5 minutes. Is there sufficient evidence in the sample to indicate that at
the 5% level of significance, the newly developed pain reliever does deliver
perceptible relief more quickly?
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1
.
PROBLEM 2
2017 Data established that the average age of minors who committed crimes in the
Province of Albay is 16.8. In 2020, a study was conducted among 50 randomly
selected juvenile delinquents and found that the mean age of the said respondents is
16.2 with a standard deviation of 0.5.

A. Set up the hypotheses for determining whether the true mean of the population of
juvenile delinquents in Albay in 2020 is less than that which was established in 2017.

B. Is there enough evidence to believe that at the 5% level of significance, minors

involved in crimes nowadays are getting younger?
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 2
.
PROBLEM 3
2017 Data established that the average age of minors who committed crimes in the
Province of Albay is 16.3. In 2020, a study was conducted among 20 randomly
selected juvenile delinquents and found that the mean age of the said respondents is
16.2 with a standard deviation of 0.3.

A. Set up the hypotheses for determining whether the true mean of the population of
juvenile delinquents in Albay in 2020 is greater than that which was established
in 2017.
B. Is there enough evidence to believe that at the 5% level of significance, minors
involved in crimes nowadays are getting younger?
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 3
PROBLEM 4
It is hoped that a newly developed pain reliever will more quickly produce a
perceptible reduction of pain in patients after minor surgeries than a standard pain
reliever. The standard pain reliever is known to bring relief in an average
of 3.5 minutes with standard deviation 2.1 minutes. To test whether the new pain
reliever works more quickly than the standard one, 25 patients with minor surgeries
were given the new pain reliever and recorded their times to relieve. The experiment
yielded a sample mean x¯= 3.3 minutes with a sample standard deviation
s=1.5 minutes. Is there sufficient evidence in the sample to indicate that at
the 1% level of significance, the newly developed pain reliever does not differ from
the standard pain reliever?
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4
.
TRY THIS!
Psychological Assessment (Mar 1995) published the results of a study of World War
II aviators who were captured by German forces after they were shot down. Having
located a total of 239 WWII aviator POW survivors, the researchers asked each
veteran to participate in the study; 33 responded to the letter of invitation. Each of
the 33 POW survivors was administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory, one component of which measures level of post-traumatic stress disorder
or (PTSD). [Note: the higher the score, the higher the level of PTSD.] The aviators
produced a mean PTSD score of 9.00 and a standard deviation of 9.32.
A. Set up the null and alternative hypotheses for determining whether the true mean
PTSD score of all WWII aviator POWs is less than 16. [Note: the value, 16,
represents the mean PTSD score established for Vietnam POWs.]
B. Conduct the test, in A, using 10% level of significance. What are the practical
implications of the test?
LARGE SAMPLE TEST OF
HYPOTHESIS ABOUT P
EXERCISE 1
A sample of size 50 has a mean of 10.5 and a standard deviation s of 2.2. Test the
hypothesis that the population mean is 10.0 using
(a) a one-tailed test at the 0.5 level, and
(b) a two-tailed test at the .01 level.
Do the same for samples of sizes 25 and 100, and compare results.