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‡ Who is B.N. Hiremath?
‡ What is this course all about?
‡ How do I prepare for the course?
± Study Groups,
± Notes,
± Other Reading
‡ How am I Evaluated?
± Quizzes,
± Exams,
± assignments (reading, written)
‡ Grading
‡ Attendance
‡ Others (Ancient Futures, etc.)

  
 Why all the Noise about SL?

4 We¶re getting serious about poverty,

4 What we have done in the past has not been too
successful: a search for something more effective
4 Initially: ³direct impact on the poor´
4 Later: a more analytical understanding of the
complexity of poverty of the factors that affect
poverty
 Refining Poverty
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( Not just income / GRP  
 

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4 Man sustain the capabilities, assets, and activities

required for a means of living
4 Have the ability to cope with stresses and shock
4 And can maintain and enhance those capabilities and
assets
4 Without undermining the natural resource
base Õ


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' Õo be more 
- poor people lead complex lives

' Õo be ! 

- like the threats and opportunities the poor face

' Õo build on their 

  
- rather than what they have not got

' Õo consider  
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- because people are affected by policies

' Õo mainstream   !

- environmental, economic, social, institutional
 And in particular ...
We need to incorporate people¶s own definition
of desirable outcomes

Sounds Obvious ?
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 What we did before (1)«

Supply of technology, inputs & services

± often µproduction¶ orientated

± missed the poor:
± not targeted towards the poor / inappropriate to the needs of the
poor
± captured by the wealthy
± could not be sustained

Move to µcapacity-building¶ in sector


   instead
 What we did before (2)«
µOrganisational Revelopment¶

± Equipped people and organisations with the skills and

resources to do a better job
± But, on the whole, little has changed
± New skills are not used
± Õhe new-look organisation is not financially viable
± Still tended to be µsector-specific¶ and supply-driven
± Because the µrules of the game¶ never really changed
 › # 

Policies and Institutions as well

± Mreating the enabling environment for a better way of

doing things by µchanging the rules of the game¶
 Õhe SL Framework (1)
á!  $
' Plan new development initiatives
' Assess the contribution to livelihood sustainability
made by existing activities

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Provides a checklist of issues
 Highlights what influences what
 Emphasises the multiple interactions that affect
people¶s livelihoods
 Õhe SL Framework (2)
O # ! $

' Õhe things that the poor might be very vulnerable to

' Õhe assets and resources that help them thrive and
survive
' Õhe policies and institutions that impact on their
livelihoods
' How the poor respond to threats and opportunities
' What sort of outcomes the poor aspire to
 Overview

4 Origins of the livelihoods approach

4 Refinitions
4 Starting points
4 Households and livelihoods
4 Assets, activities and capabilities
4 Basic livelihoods conceptual framework
 Origins of the Livelihoods Approach
‡ SL approach draws on aspects of:

± Integrated Rural Revelopment Planning during 1970s

± Food security initiatives during 1980s
± RRA and PRA
± Farming systems research
± Gender analysis
± Risk and vulnerability assessment
± Participatory poverty assessment
± Appreciative enquiry
 Whose Livelihoods?
‡ Õhe concept of livelihoods and livelihoods
analysis is closely associated with poverty
reduction strategies
‡ Õhe livelihoods of poor households are the
central focus
‡ Õhe framework is seldom used to directly
examine the sustainability of the livelihoods of
the affluent and how this impacts on the
livelihoods of the poor
Refinitions of Livelihoods
 LS Refinitions
Õhe ›#%
 á (SEI) provides
the following definition for sustainable livelihoods:

³Õhe creation of conditions that are (self-supportive) of

sustainable development in human, natural and
economic systems, which, whilst safeguarding
resources and opportunities for future generations,
provides individuals with means to provide
themselves with food, shelter and an acceptable
quality of life.....´
 LS Refinitions Montd«
Õhe á
  á 
›       (IISR) defines sustainable livelihoods
as being:

‡ "... Moncerned with people's capacities to generate and maintain their means of living,
enhance their well-being, and that of future generations.

‡ "Õhese capacities are contingent upon the availability and accessibility of options which are
ecological, socio-cultural, economic, and political and are predicated on equity, ownership of
resources and participatory decision making. Õhe more pragmatic definition below, highlights
the importance of empowering individuals, achieving independence and dignity in providing
for their basic needs".

‡ "Sustainable livelihood creation basically translates into the creation of livelihoods that
empower individuals to earn enough money to provide for basic amenities such as food,
clothing and shelter. It also enables people to lead a life of dignity in a sustainable manner.³

Note: Extracted from IISR's "Adaptive strategies of the poor in arid and semi-arid lands: in search
of sustainable livelihoods" (Singh and Õiti, 1994)
 LS Refinitions Montd«
However, a definition of sustainable
livelihoods should go beyond the basic
requirements for living (food, shelter and
clothing). It is about achieving a quality of life
that is embedded within the rich local cultures
of many communities. Õhe sustainability
debate reminds us that this must be done
within 'the means of nature'.
 LS Refinitions Montd«
Õhe      

 (UNRP) differentiates between a job and a livelihood which
are often used interchangeably.

6 


‡ "A livelihood, on the other hand, is engagement in a number of activities which, at times, neither require a
formal agreement nor are limited to a particular trade. Livelihoods may or may not involve money. Jobs
invariably do. Livelihoods are self-directing. .... . Livelihoods are based on income derived from "jobs", but
also on incomes derived from assets and entitlements. ³

j

‡ "A job connotes one particular activity or trade that is performed in exchange for payment. It is also a
formal agreement, as manifested by a contract, between an employer and employee...... . A job can,
however, comprise part of an overall livelihood, but does so only to complement other aspects of a
livelihood portfolio.

‡ "a means of living or of supporting life and meeting individual and community needs´
 LS Refinitions Montd«
Õhe definition used by the UK's  
 &
 á
  
    (RFIR) incorporates these sentiments.

'A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and
social resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood
is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks
and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the
future, while not undermining the natural resource base' (Mhambers, R. and
G. Monway, 1992).

Adapted from Mhambers, R. and G. Monway (1992) Sustainable rural

livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21 st century. IRS Riscussion Paper
296. Brighton: IRS.
 What is a Sustainable Livelihood?
‡ µA livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets
(including both material and social resources) and
activities required for a means of living¶
‡ µHouseholds have sustainable livelihoods when they
can cope with and recover from shocks and stresses
and can maintain their capabilities and assets without
undermining the natural resource base¶
Mhambers & Monway and Marney R
 What is a Sustainable Livelihood?
‡ µPeople¶s capacity to generate and maintain
their means of living, enhance their well-being
and that of future generations. Õhese capacities
are contingent on the availability and
accessibility of options which are ecological,
economic, political and which are predicated
on equity, ownership of resources and
participatory decision making¶
Õiti,V and Singh N.
 Refining Livelihoods
‡ Õwo broad approaches to defining livelihoods
± One has a narrower  on
production, employment and household income
± Õhe other takes a more  view which unites
concepts of economic development, reduced
vulnerability, environmental sustainability while
identifying and building on the strengths of the
urban and rural poor
‡ We will work with the second approach
 Holistic Approach
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 Starting Points
‡ People are the starting point of development
‡ Households are the primary unit of analysis
‡ Analyse people¶s livelihoods and how they have
changed over time
‡ Assess the range of factors in external environment
which impact positively or negatively on people¶s
livelihoods
‡ Strengthen household livelihood security by building
on the material assets, human and social resources
and coping strategies that people have developed, and
reducing risk
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‡ Households come in different shapes and sizes
± Extended, intergenerational, single headed etc
‡ Households are stratified
± Some households have greater access to assets, more
diversified livelihood activities, more capabilities ± more
power
± Livelihood strategies of some may undermine livelihoods
of others
‡ Internally differentiated
± Gender divisions of labour and power result in unequal
access to household resources and related decision making
± Households operate in a vulnerability context
± A range of factors determine exposure to hazards and risk



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‡ Household activities fall into three types
differentiated by gender and age
± Activities that maintain and reproduce the
household ± childcare, domestic tasks of many
different types.
± A range of different productive activities
± Activities where household members contribute
community processes
 Productive
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‡ Knowledge and skills (including traditional
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‡ Mapacity to work
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Visions, Hopes Ancestors Subsistence agriculture

Aspirations Maste, social status Food security
Fears Aspirations to education, leadership, Religion, tradition, values
Self-image jobs State laws, Mommon property
³Gurus´ models Aspirations to power, resources
wealth, social mobility World views, ideology
Ëá
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Integrity, identity Gender relations Production relations

Awareness, Selfishness Nutrition distribution Patterns of cooperation
compassion Health, family planning Mommunity organisations
People orientation Work distribution Factor and goods markets
Muriosity, courage Solidarity Intermediation processes
â% 5  ·1  "'!5  ! 5 

Memories Õechnical skills, Experience Natural habitat Natural resource base

Attachments Agricultural patterns Animals- population-trees
Feelings, Anxieties Õraditional knowledge Ristribution of wealth
Boredom, Idealism Labour, crafts, services Accumulation of wealth
Modern professions