7th Grade

MATH SUBJECT FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL:

MULTIPLY & DIVIDE
SIGNED RATIONAL
HereNUMBERS
is where your presentation begins
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TEACHING METHOD APPLY CONCEPTS
01 You can describe the topic of 04 You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here

REAL NUMBERS EXERCISES

02 You can describe the topic of 05 You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here

SOLVE PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

03 You can describe the topic of 06 You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here
 WHOA!
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yourself, write your mail…
 MAJOR TOPICS AND CONCEPTS
Do you know what helps you make your point clear?
Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss

the point of your presentation
 8.2 Pohon
01
Rentang Minimum
Pohon rentang minimum adalah pohon rentang G dengan
total bobot seminimum mungkin

Cara yang paling sederhana adalah dengan

mendaftarkan semua pohon rentang yang mungkin
dibuat dan menghitung total bobot tiap-tiap pohon
rentang.
8.2.1 Algoritma Kruskall

mencari pohon rentang Misalkan G adalah graf

minimum dari graf G mula-mula dengan n titik, T
dengan algoritma yang adalah Pohon Rentang
ditemukan Kruskal Minimum. E adalah
himpunan semua garis G
 Algoritma pembuatan pohon rentang minimum
dengan algoritma Kruskal

Isi T dengan semua titik- m=0 Selama m < (n-1) lakukan : a.

Tentukan garis e E dengan bobot
titik G tanpa garis. minimum. Jika ada beberapa e
dengan sifat tersebut, pilih salah
satu secara senbarang b. Hapus e
dari E c. Jika e ditambahkan ke T
tidak menghasilkan sirkuit, maka
i. tambahkan e ke T ii. m = m + 1
Carilah pohon rentang
minimum dengan
menggunakan algoritma
Kruskal. Berapa bobot
minimum totalnya?
Penyelesaian
G mula-mula tampak dan himpunan semua garis dalam G (= E) dalam
keadaan urut (kecil ke besar) tampak .
Ambil garis dalam E dengan bobot minimum. Diperoleh garis e4 dengan
bobot = 3.
Selanjutnya ada 3 garis dengan bobot terkecil, yaitu e2, e8, dan e9 yang
semuanya mempunyai bobot = 5
Selanjutnya, ada 5 garis yang mempunyai bobot sama yaitu 15. Pilih
salah satu sembarang, misalnya e1. Dengan penambahan garis e1 maka
T menjadi graf seperti pada gambar 8.12 (c).
Dari 4 garis yang mempunyai bobot 15 sisanya, misalkan dipilih garis
e3. Jika garis e3 ditambahkan pada T, maka akan terbentuk loop v1 v2
v3 v4 v1. Maka garis e3 tidak boleh dipilih. Selanjutnya, dari 3 garis
yang mempunyai bobot terkecil (= 15) lainnya, misalkan dipilih garis
e10. Dengan graf penembahan garis e10, maka T menjadi graf seperti
pada gambar 8.12 (d).
 8.2.2 Algoritma Prim

Metode lain untuk mencari algoritma Prim dimulai dari

pohon rentang minimum graf yang kosong sama sekali
ditemukan oleh Robert
C.Prim

Berbeda dengan algoritma Algoritma Prim mungkin

Kruskal yang dimulai dengan menghasilkan pohon rentang
graf tanpa garis yang berbeda dengan pohon
rentang yang dihasilkan
melalui algoritma Kruskal
Contoh

Gunakan algoritma Prim untuk mencari pohon rentang

minimum , dimulai dari titik v1.
Penyelesaian
Misalkan G adalah graf mula-mula seperti yang tampak pada gambar
8.13, dan T adalah pohon rentang minimum yang akan dibuat. Mula-mula
V(T) = {v1} dan E(T) = { }
Pada iterasi pertama, pilih garis ei E(G) dan ei E(T) yang
berhubungan dengan v1 dengan bobot terkecil. Ada 3 garis yang
berhubungan dengan v1 masing-masing garis e1 (dengan bobot 15), e2
(bobot 5) dan e3 (bobot 15). Pilih garis dengan bobot terkecil yaitu e2.
Tambahkan e2 ke E(T) dan titik ujung e2 (= v7) ke V(T) a
 Pohon Steiner

Pohon Steiner merupakan kita mencari pohon yang semua titik dalam pohon
perluasan dari pohon menghubungkan semua rentang minimum haruslah
rentang minimum. titik dalam graf dengan merupakan titik dalam graf
bobot minimum mula-mula

Dalam pohon Steiner, selain titik-titik dalam graf semula,

diperbolehkan menambah sejumlah titik tambahan agar
total bobot pohon rentang yang dihasilkan minimum.
Contoh
Diketahui graf gambar (panjang garis sebanding dengan jarak antara 2 titik)

Gambar 8.14 (a) merupakan pohon rentang minimumnya dengan total jarak = 6+8+6 = 20.
Gambar 8.14 (b) merupakan pohon steiner dengan penambahan 2 buah titik (s1 dan s2). Jarak v1
ke s1 adalah 3 2 . Maka total jaraknya = 4*3 2 + 2 = 18,97.
Aplikasi pohon steiner antar lain : penentuan topologi jaringan, jaringan komunikasi,
penjadwalan multiprosesor, dll.

Hingga sekarang belum ada algoritma yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah pohon steiner secara
lengkap. Masalah utamanya adalah menentukan berapa banyak titik steiner yang perlu
ditambahkan dan dimana posisinya. Beberapa penyelesaian yang sudah dicoba antara lain dengan
metode cabang-batas (branch-bound), cabang-potong (branch-cut), enumerasi pohon rentang,
pemrograman dinamik, dll. Metode lain yang sedang dikembangkan akhir-akhir ini adalah
pendekatan penyelesaiannya dengan metode heuristik (misal pencarian lokal, simulated anealing,
dll).
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 A PICTURE
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 OUR TEAM

SOFIA HILL KALIYAH HARRIS

You can talk a bit about this You can talk a bit about this
person here person here
 02
REAL NUMBERS
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
THIS IS A MAP

MARS
Mars is actually a very
cold place

NEPTUNE
It’s the farthest planet
from the Sun

MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
 OUR TEACHING METHOD
Venus is the second Mercury is the closest
planet from the Sun planet to the Sun

LESSON 2 LESSON 4

LESSON 1 LESSON 3
Mars is actually a very Jupiter is the biggest
cold place planet of them all
HOW DO STUDENTS
FEEL ABOUT MATH?
25%
SATURN MERCURY
It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the
Saturn is a gas giant and has smallest one in the Solar System
several rings

7/10

JUPITER
75%
It’s the biggest planet in the
Solar System VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
4/10 second planet from the Sun
 REAL LIFE APPLICATION
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s
only a bit larger than the Moon

STOCK ORIGINAL VALUE CURRENT VALUE CHANGE

A 600.54 420.15 -180.39

B 391.10 518.38 127.28

C 380.22 99.70 -280.52

-180.39 + 127.28 + (-280.52) -363.63

MEAN= = = -111.21
3 3
KEY DIFFICULTIES FOR LEARNING
VENUS
25% Venus has a very beautiful
name

MERCURY
30% Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

MARS
45% Mars is actually a very
cold place

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 WHAT DID YOU LEARN?
5% 25%
VENUS SATURN
Venus is the second Saturn is a gas giant and
planet from the Sun has several rings

25% 60%
MERCURY JUPITER
Mercury is the closest It’s the biggest planet in
planet to the Sun the Solar System
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 SOLVE
03 PROBLEMS
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 ONLINE MATH COURSE

CLASS 1
Venus has a beautiful name and
is the second planet from the
Sun

CLASS 2
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System
 KEY IDEAS

a b
The reciprocal of is
b a

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar
System. This planet's name has nothing to do with the liquid metal, since
Mercury was named after the Roman messenger god

2 1 -2 x 1 -2
- x = =
7 3 7x3 21
 TEST PRACTICE
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one
that harbors life in the Solar System. This is where we all
live

A B C D

1 1
-6 -3 - 4
4 4

Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide
dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast
 MORE EXERCISES…
LIST MARS
Mercury is the closest planet to the Mars is actually a very
Sun and the smallest one cold place

● Ceres NEPTUNE
● Pluto It’s the farthest planet
● Saturn from the Sun
● Earth
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
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