Year 13

IAL Chemistry

Lessons
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday
Wednesday, Thursday

Mrs Gouk
lindagouk@bisak.org
06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 1
Chapter 18: Kinetics
Lesson 1 Pg 284 - 303
Learning Objectives:
Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall
order of reaction, expression rate equation and rate constant of a rate
equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a
reaction
Starter Activity
What is a reaction rate?
What are the main factors that
affect rate of chemical reaction?
06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 2
Rate equations
• Rate of a reaction
• Rate equations
• Order of a reaction
• Reaction rate versus concentration graph
• Concentration-time graph
• Techniques to investigate the rate of reaction
• Iodine clock reaction
• Effect of temperature on rate constants
• The rate determining step
• Rate equations for the hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes
 • Rate of a reaction was discussed using
Introduction collision theory in article 5. In this
presentation, the techniques used to
investigate the rate of reaction, its
calculation, changes due to catalyst
and temperature are discussed.
• The concept of rate equation is also
introduced.
• Rate equations are determined using
experimental data which tells that
how the rate of reaction varies with
respect to concentration of its
reactants.

Rate of reaction
Introduction • Concentration-time graph, reaction
rate- concentration graph and its
analyses is important to find out the
order of the reaction.
• The effect of change in temperature
on rate of reaction is explained using
Arrhenius equation.

Rate of reaction
Rate of a reaction

● Rate of a reaction is the change in concentration of a substance in unit time. Its

unit is mol/dm3s.
● Rate of the reaction over a time period can be calculated by finding the gradient
of curve in concentration-time graph.
● To find rate of a reaction at a particular point of time, the gradient of tangent of
curve at that particular time is taken.
● The initial rate is the rate at the starting point (t=0), which is the fastest.
Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 7

 Example 1: Find the rate of reaction for
Rate of reaction this concentration of reactant versus time
graph.
i. At t=0
ii. For the first 5 minutes
iii. At 10 minutes
Solution:
i. At t=0, the rate of reaction is the
slope of the tangent of the curve at
that point,

Concentration of reaction-time
 Example 1: Find the rate of reaction for
Rate of reaction this concentration of reactant versus time
graph.
i. At t=0
ii. For the first 5 minutes
iii. At 10 minutes
Solution:
ii. Rate of reaction for the first 5
minutes is,

Concentration of reaction-time
 Example 1: Find the rate of reaction for
Rate of reaction this concentration of reactant versus time
graph.
i. At t=0
ii. For the first 5 minutes
iii. At 10 minutes
Solution:
iii.  At t=10 min, the rate of reaction is
the slope of the tangent of the curve
at that point,

Concentration of reaction-time
Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 11

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 12

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 13

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 14

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 15

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 16

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 17

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 18

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

Pg 288 - 289

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Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

Example: Find the rate constant for the reaction in example 1 if [A] =0.5 mol
dm-3, [B]= 0.2 mol dm-3, [C]= 0.3 mol dm-3 and rate= 0.1× 10-2 mol dm-3 s-1.

Solution: The rate equation of this reaction is,

rate equation= k[A][B]2[C]0
For the values given,

It is important to note that the units of rate constant vary with the overall order
of the reaction.

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 20

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 21

 Example 1: What is the order of the reaction
Order of a reaction with three reactants A, B and C and the following
initial rates?
Solution:
• For finding the order of reaction with
Initial rate
respect to reactant A, experiment 1 and 4
Experiment [A] [B] [C] are compared where the concentration of B
No.
(mol dm-3
(mol dm-3) (mol dm-3) (mol dm-3)
s-1) and C are same. When the concentration of
1 0.50 0.2 0.3 0.1 × 10-2 A is doubled, the initial rate doubles. Hence,
2 0.50 0.2 0.6 0.1 × 10-2 the order of reaction with respect to A is
3 0.50 0.4 0.3 0.4 × 10-2 first-order.
• Similarly, for finding the order of equation
4 1.00 0.2 0.3 0.2 × 10-2
with respect to B, experiment 1 and 3 are
compared where the concentration of A and
C are same. When the concentration of B is
doubled, the initial rate quadruples. Hence,
the order of reaction with respect to B is
second-order.
 • Similarly, for finding the order of
Order of a reaction equation with respect to C,
experiment 1 and 2 are compared
where the concentration of A and B
are same. When the concentration of
Experime [A] [B] [C] Initial rate
nt (mol dm-3) (mol dm-3) (mol dm-3) (mol dm-3 C is doubled, the initial rate remains
No. s-1) the same. Hence, the order of
1 0.50 0.2 0.3 0.1 × 10-2 reaction with respect to C is zero-
2 0.50 0.2 0.6 0.1 × 10-2 order.
3 0.50 0.4 0.3 0.4 × 10-2
• Overall order= order of A + order of B
4 1.00 0.2 0.3 0.2 × 10 -2
+ order of C
• Overall order= 1 + 2 + 0 = 3
 Order of a reaction

Example 2: Find the rate constant for the reaction in example 1 if [A] =0.5 mol dm -3,
[B]= 0.2 mol dm-3, [C]= 0.3 mol dm-3 and rate= 0.1 × 10-2 mol dm-3 s-1.
Solution: The rate equation of this reaction is,
rate equation= k[A][B]2[C]0
For the values given,

It is important to note that the units of rate constant vary with the overall order of the
reaction.
Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 25

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

LEARNING CHECK
Summary Questions
Page 289
Page 293
Page 298
06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 26
Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 27

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

Must be able to rearrange

Arrhenius equation into the form

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 28

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 29

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 30

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 31

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 32

Effect of temperature • The variation of rate constant with
on rate constants respect to temperature is given by
Arrhenius equation, which is
represented mathematically as,

where,
T is the temperature in Kelvin
R is the gas constant (8.31 J/K mol)
A is the pre-exponential factor
Ea is the activation energy
• The rate constant increases
exponentially with increase in
temperature as shown in figure.
• Rearranging the Arrhenius equation,

Rate constant versus temperature

graph
Effect of temperature on rate constants

● ln(rate) versus (1/T) graph is used to find the value of activation energy (E a).
 Effect of temperature on rate constants

Example 3: Determine the activation energy and the pre-exponential constant

graphically for the data given below.

T (K) k(s-1) 1/T ln k

298 1.74 × 10-5 3.356 × 10-3 -10.959

308 6.65 × 10-5 3.247 × 10-3 -9.618

318 2.51 × 10-4 3.145 × 10-3 -8.290

328 7.59 × 10-4 3.049 × 10-3 -7.184

338 2.40 × 10-3 2.958 × 10-3 -6.032

Effect of temperature Solution: The ln k versus (1/T) graph is:

on rate constants From the graph and values in table,

Therefore, Ea=1.03 × 105 J/mol

Solution
Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

LEARNING CHECK
Summary Questions
Page 293

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 37

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

LEARNING CHECK
Topic Test Questions
Practice Questions

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 38

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 39

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 40

Bronze: Define the rate of a reaction, expressions order of reaction, overall order of reaction, expression rate equation
and rate constant of a rate equation
Silver: Perform calculations using the Arrhenius equation Pg 284 - 303
Gold: Use experimental data to determine the activation energy of a reaction

06/06/2022 Mrs L Gouk © 41