Introduction

Dola Das
Lecturer
Dept. of CSE
KUET
Course Introduction

Course No. : CSE 2113 (credit 3)

Course Title : Computer Architecture.
References
Computer Organization & Architecture
William Stallings
Computer Organization
V. Carl Hamacher & G. Zaky
Learning Objectives
Why do we study Computer
Architecture in computer science?
Do you have any idea? 
Overview
• Why study computer organization and architecture?
• Design better programs, including system software such as compilers,
operating systems, and device drivers.
• Optimize program behavior.
• Evaluate (benchmark) computer system performance.
• Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs.
• Computer organization:
• Encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems. E.g., circuit design,
control signals, memory types.
• Computer architecture:
• Logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the designer. E.g.,
instruction sets, instruction formats, data types, addressing modes.
Von Neumann Architecture
Historically there have been 2 types of Computers: 
1. Fixed Program Computers – Their function is very specific and they couldn’t
be programmed, e.g. Calculators. 
2. Stored Program Computers – These can be programmed to carry out many
different tasks, applications are stored on them, hence the name.
Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
• The modern computers are based on a stored-program concept
introduced by John Von Neumann.

• Consists of three basic units:  

1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) 
2. The Main Memory Unit 
3. The Input/Output Device 
Von Neumann Bottleneck
• Von Neumann bottleneck –
1. instructions can only be done one at a time.
2. can only be carried out sequentially.

These factors hold back the competence of the CPU.

Memory System
 Some Basic Concepts
 Access time:
 Time between presenting the address and getting the valid data.
 Time between READ and MFC signal.
 Memory Cycle time:
 Minimum Time delay between two successive memory operations.
 Cycle time = access + recovery
 Transfer Rate
 Rate at which data can be moved
Course Outline
Computer System:
Top level view of computer.
Memory System:
Cache Memory.
Internal Memory.
External Memory.
Input/output.
Control Unit:
Control Unit Operation.
Microprogrammed Control.
Parallel Organization:
Parallel Processing.
Any Question
Thank You