OBLIQUELY CROSSED

CYLINDERS

PRAJWAL
2 BSC . OPTOMETRY

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COMBINATION OF TWO CYLINDRICAL LENSES
• AXES ARE NEITHER PARALLEL NOR
PERPENDICULAR
• OBLIQUELY PLACED

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THIS COMBINATION CAN BE REPLACED BY A
SINGLE SPHERO-CYLINDRICAL LENS IN WHICH THE
TWO FOCAL LINES ARE PERPENDICULAR TO EACH
OTHER.

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 OCCURRENCE
• OBLIQUELY CROSSED CYLINDERS CAN OCCUR
CLINICALLY.
• OBTAINS WHEN THE CYLINDRICAL CORRECTION OF AN
EYE IS CORRECTED BY A CYLINDRICAL LENS PLACED
AT AN INCORRECT AXIS BEFORE THE EYE.

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• ANOTHER CLINICAL SITUATION OCCURS WHEN A PERSON
IS WEARING A TORIC CONTACT LENS THAT CONTAINS A
CYLINDER POWER AND THE EXAMINER REFRACTS OVER
THE CONTACT LENSES.

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• THE OVERREFRACTION MUST BE COMBINED WITH THE
EXISTING SPHEROCYLINDER LENS POWER TO FIND THE
NEEDED LENS POWER. THE REQUIRED POWER
CALCULATED BY
• USE OF GRAPHICAL METHOD
1. USE OF FORMULA METHOD

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 THE GRAPHICAL METHOD

• THIS IS BASIS FOR THE FORMULA METHOD.

• USES VECTORS TO FIND THE POWER AND AXIS DIRECTION
OF THE COMBINED CYLINDER LENSES BUT WITH SOME
MODIFICATIONS.
• BECAUSE A CYLINDER OF POWER −2.00 × 000 IS NOT
EQUAL AND OPPOSITE OF A CYLINDER OF POWER −2.00 ×
180 DEGREES.

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METHOD
1. CONVERT THE TWO CYLINDERS TO PLUS CYLINDERS OR
MINUS CYLINDERS FORM.
EXAMPLE:
A) 0.00DS /- 2.00DC× 180
B) −2.00DS/ +2.00 DC × 135
IN MINUS FORM
0.00DS/-2.00DC×180
0.00DS/ − 2.00DC × 045
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2. CONSTRUCT A SET OF BOXES FOR EASE OF CALCULATION
. WRITE THE LENS POWERS OF THE TWO SPHEROCYLINDER
LENSES IN THE APPROPRIATE BOXES.

Sphere Cylinder Axis

A 0.00 -2.00 180

B 0.00 -2.00 45

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3. FINDING SPERICAL EQUIVALENTS OF THE LENSES , ADDING BOTH
AND WRITE IN THE TABLE

SPERICAL EQUIVALENT= SPHERE+ CYLINDER/2

A) 0.00+[(-2.00)/2]= -1.00DS
B) 0.00+[(-2.00)/2]= -1.00DS
TOTAL= -2.00DS

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 Sperical
Cylinde
Sphere Axis equivalen
r ts

A 0.00 -2.00 180 -1.00

B 0.00 -2.00 45 -1.00

C -2.00

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4. PLOT AND CONSTRUCT VECTORS OF THE TWO CYLINDER
VALUES AND FI ND THE RESULTING VECTOR SUM AND AXIS.
• TO PLOT THESE CYLINDER VALUES, WE NEED TO DOUBLE
EACH AXIS. DOUBLING AXIS 180 GIVES 360 AND
DOUBLING AXIS 45 GIVES 90.
• THE CYLINDER POWER VECTORS ARE ENTERED AT 0 AND
AT 90

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• THE NEW CYLINDER POWER IS MEASURED OUT TO BE 2.83.
SO THE CYLINDER POWER IS −2.83.THE NEW CYLINDER
AXIS MEASURES 45 DEGREES. WE DIVIDE 45 BY 2. THIS
RESULT OF 22.5 DEGREES IS THE AXIS OF THE NEW
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CYLINDER.
5. ENTER THE NEW CYLINDER POWER AND AXIS IN
SECTION C
Sperical
Cylinde
Sphere Axis equivalen
r ts

A 0.00 -2.00 180 -1.00

B 0.00 -2.00 45 -1.00

C -2.83 22.5 -2.00

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6. TAKE THE SPHERICAL EQUIVALENT IN BOX C AND SUBTRACT IT
FROM THE NEW CYLINDER POWER. THIS GIVES THE NEW SPHERE
POWER OF THE RESULTANT SPHEROCYLINDER LENS.
SPHERE = SPHERICAL EQUIVALENT – CYLINDER/2
= (-2.00)-[(-2.83)/2]
=(-2.00)-(-1.42)
= -0.58D
THE NEW SPHEROCYLINDER LENS POWER WILL BE −0.58DS/ −2.83DC
×22.5
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 Sperical
Sphere Cylinder Axis equivalent
s

A 0.00 -2.00 180 -1.00

B 0.00 -2.00 45 -1.00

C -0.58 -2.83 22.5 -2.00

THE NEW SPHEROCYLINDER LENS POWER WILL BE −0.58DS/

−2.83DC ×22.5
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 THE FORMULA METHOD

• THE FORMULA CAN BE USED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OR

TO CONSTRUCT A COMPUTER-BASED PROGRAM TO SOLVE
OBLIQUELY CROSSED CYLINDER PROBLEMS.
• THE FORMULA IS DERIVED FROM THE GRAFICAL METHOD

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STEPS
1. IF BOTH CYLINDERS ARE NOT IN THE SAME FORM,
TRANSPOSE ONE LENS SO THAT BOTH ARE PLUS OR
BOTH MINU
EXAMPLE:
-1.00DS/-2.00DC×20
-2.50DS/-3.00DC×80
BOTH CYLINDERS ARE MINUS CYLINDER FORM
LENSES AND DO NOT NEED TO BE TRANSPOSED.

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2.FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO CYLINDER
AXIS ANGLES. THE ANGULAR DIFFERENCE IN DEGREES
BETWEEN FCYL1 AND FCYL2 WILL BE CALLED A. WE WILL CALL
THE CYLINDER WITH THE SMALLER AXIS FCYL1 AND THE
CYLINDER WITH THE LARGER AXIS VALUE, FCYL2.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO CYLINDER AXIS
ANGLES IS: 80 − 20 = 60
DEGREES

FCYL1= -2.00 19
3. FIND HOW FAR THE NEW CYLINDER AXIS IS FROM THE
CYLINDER WITH THE SMALLER AXIS VALUE (FCYL1) BY USING
THE FORMULA:
Tan2θ= Fcyl2 sin2a/(FcyL1+Fcyl2 cos2a)
WHERE:
FCYL1 = THE POWER OF THE FIRST CYLINDER
FCYL2 = THE POWER OF THE SECOND CYLINDER

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A = THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO CYLINDER AXES
IN DEGREES,
Θ = HOW FAR THE AXIS OF THE NEW CYLINDER IS FROM
THE FIRST CYLINDER AXIS
Tan2θ= Fcyl2 sin2a/(FcyL1+Fcyl2 cos2a)
Tan2θ= 3sin(2×60) /[ 2+3cos(2×60)
=3sin120/(2+3cos120)
=3(0.866)/[2+3(-0.5)]
=2.60/0.5
Tanθ=5.2
2θ =79.1°
θ=39.6°
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4. FIND THE AXIS OF THE NEW CYLINDER. THIS IS DONE BY
ADDING Θ TO THE AXIS OF THE FIRST CYLINDER (THE
CYLINDER WITH THE SMALLER AXIS)
THE NEW CYLINDER AXIS IS
20 + 39.6 = 59.6°
ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST DEGREE, THE NEW AXIS IS 60 °

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5. FIND THE SPHERE POWER (S) RESULTING FROM THE TWO
CYLINDERS CROSSING. THIS IS DONE USING THE FORMULA:

S=Fcyl1sin2θ+fcyl2Sin2(A-θ)
= -2.00Sin239.6+[-3Sin2(60-39.6)]
= -2.00(0.41)+[-3.00(0.12)]
= -0.82-0.36
=-1.18d

(Note: This is only the power of the new spherocylinder combination )

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6. FIND THE NEW CYLINDER POWER (C), USING THE FORMULA:
C=FCYL1+FCYL2 -2S
= -2.00+(-3.00)-2(-1.18)
= -2.64DC

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7. Find the new total sphere power (Stotal) by adding the sphere powers
in the original two lenses (S1 and S2) to the sphere power (S) resulting
from the crossing of the cylinders.
Stotal=S+S1+s2
= -1.18+(-1.00)+(-2.50)
= -4.68ds
Therefore the new spherocylinder lens resulting from the obliquely
crossed spherocylinder lenses is
−4.68ds/ − 2.64dc ×60

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 YOU
A NK
T H
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