GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS LEADERSHIP

 BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS (MBA 740)

MBA 2:1

FACILITATOR TAKAIDZA SIBANDA

GROUP 5 PRESENTATION

Diana F Phiri: R171349N Caroline R Sango: R211961Q Pamela Nyatsambo: R136312V

Moreblessings Nyika:R213402M Mildred Nhundu: R172110J Philani Sibanda: R217008Q

Lovemore Mazuru: R215642Y Privilege Magodo: R211787H Tongai A Sango:

R211960V Wadzanai Mahomva: R216363E
 QUESTION 5

DISCUSS ANY 5 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

YOU WILL NEED TO CONSIDER
IRRESPECTIVE OF THE PARTICULAR
RESEARCH METHOD THAT YOU USE
 APPROACHES TO ETHICS

 Utilitarian
 Deontological
 Ethical skepticism
 Ethical Principles Guiding Research

 Respect for human dignity

 Respect for free and informed consent
 Respect for vulnerable persons
 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
 Balancing harms and benefits
 Minimizing harm
 Maximizing benefit
 Respect for human dignity
 Human dignity is the recognition that human beings possess a special value intrinsic to their humanity
and as such are worthy of respect simply because they are human beings.
 Cardinal principle of research which protects the multiple and interdependence interests of the person
from physical, psychological and cultural integrity.
 Has 2 essential components: 1. selection and achievement of morally acceptable ends 2. morally
acceptable means to those ends.
 There is need to define acceptable ends in terms of benefits of research for subjects, associated groups
and for the advancement of knowledge.
 There is also need to find ethically appropriate means to conduct the research.
 Respect for free and informed consent
 Individuals are presumed to have capacity and right to make free and informed decisions.
 This is the process of communication between researcher and participant that leads to
agreement or permission for research.
 This can be done with the issuing of a consent form issued by the researcher to the participant
which is then signed as an evidence of consent.
 All material information should be given to a participant before they can given their consent.
 Also called substantial understanding, autonomous action,
 Violations include controlling influences, Coercion and manipulation
 Respect for vulnerable persons

 Ethical obligations towards vulnerable persons

 Diminished competence
 Diminished decision-making capacity
 Entitled to special protection, special procedures to protect their interests
 Entitlement (based on grounds of human dignity, caring, solidarity,
fairness) to special protection against abuse, exploitation, discrimination
 These individuals may include children and institutionalized persons
 Respect for privacy and confidentiality

 In many cultures are considered fundamental to human dignity

 Standards protect the access, control and dissemination of personal information
 This helps to protect mental and/or psychological integrity
 The study should therefore be in consonant with values underlying privacy, confidentiality
with anonymity respected
 Respect for justice and inclusiveness

 Justice connotes fairness and equity

 Procedural justice
 Involves the application process which shows fair methods, standards and procedures for
reviewing research protocol.
 Distributive justice
 This implies that no segment of the population should be burdened with harms of the research
 Avoids exploitation of vulnerable individuals for the advancement of knowledge.
 Balancing harms and benefits

 Balance critical to ethics of human research

 Foreseeable harms should not outweigh anticipated benefits
 Harms-benefits analysis affects welfare and rights of subjects
 Such concerns are particularly evident in the biomedical and health research
 Minimizing harm
 Duty to avoid, prevent or minimize harm
 No unnecessary risk of harm
 Participation must be essential to achieving scientifically and societally important aims
that cannot be realized without the participation of human subjects
 The principle of minimizing harm requires smallest number of human subjects that will
ensure valid data
 Maximizing benefit

 Principle imposes a duty to benefit others

 The duty to maximize net benefits
 Produce benefits for subjects themselves, other individuals
 Produce benefits for society as a whole and for the advancement of knowledge (usually the
primary benefit)
Ethics approval boards in Zimbabwe

 Ministry of Health and Child Care (MOHCC)

 Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ)
 Research Council of Zimbabwe (RCZ)
 Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ)
 Joint Research Ethics Council of Zimbabwe (JREC)