Flow of Control

Branching
ITCS 113 Computer Programming I
Dr. Ali Alsaffar
Department of Computer Science

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Logical Expressions
 In Java, a condition is represented by a logical (Boolean) expression. An
expression that has a value of either true or false is called a logical
(Boolean) expression.
 A relational operator allows you to make comparisons in your program.

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Logical (Boolean) Operators
 Logical (Boolean) operators enable you to combine logical expressions.

 Truth Tables of && and ||

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The Single if Statement
 The if structure is called a single-selection structure because it selects or
ignores a single action.

 Example

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The if-else Statement
 The if-else structure is called a double-selection structure because it selects
between two different actions.

 Example

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Compound Statement
 If according to a Boolean expression we would like to execute multiple
statements instead of a single statement, we use the compound statement
rule:

 Example: if x > y, then swap x and y

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Examples of if/else statements.

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Examples

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Comparing Strings
 Ordering strings that is based only on alphabetical letters
‘a’—‘z’ and ‘A’—‘Z’ is called alphabetical ordering and Never use the logic
al
,
operators ==, !=, <
ordering that is based on ASCII code (or Unicode) is <=, >, >= to comp
are
called lexicographic ordering. strings

 The words “Hello” and “hello” are equal in alphabetical

order. However, “Hello” is smaller than “hello” in
lexicographic order because ‘H’ comes before ‘h’ in the
ASCII table !!!
 To compare strings in Java use the methods equals(),
equalsIgnoreCase() and compareTo(). These methods
compare strings based on lexicographic order.

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Comparing Strings (Cont.)

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Nested if statements
 A nested if statement occurs when the true or false statement of an if
statement is itself an if statement. It can be used to implement decisions
with several alternatives. For example,

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Multibranch if-else Statements
 If each else in a nested if-else statement is itself an if-else statement, then
this if-else is a Multibranch if-else. For example,

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Examples

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Examples (Cont.)

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The Type boolean
 The type boolean is a primitive type, just like the types int, double, and
char. It specifies only two values: true and false.

 Input and Output of Boolean Values. The values true and false of the type
boolean can be read as input or written as output in the same way as values
of the other primitive types, such as int and double.

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The switch Statement
 It is used to test the equality of an expression against multiple constants.

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The switch Statement (Cont.)
 Example

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Examples

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Examples

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