My SQL

STRUCTURED QUARY LANGUAGE

JUNE 12,2022

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SQL
SQL is a language to operate databases; it
includes database creation, deletion,
fetching rows, modifying rows, etc. SQL is
an ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) standard language, but there are
many different versions of the SQL language.

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Introduction to SQL?
• It is used to define the structure and organization of the
stored data and relationships among the stored data items.

• SQL is the most common language for extracting and organizing

data that is stored in a relational database.

• A database is a table that consists of rows and columns.

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SQL Commands
• Data Definition Language – (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language – (DML)
• Transaction Control Language – (TCL)
• Data Query Language – (DQL) DDL DML
• Data Control Language – (DCL)
TCL DQL

DCL 4
List of Commands

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DDL (Data Definition Language)
• List of DDL commands: 
• CREATE: This command is used to create the database or its objects
(like table, index, function, views, store procedure, and triggers).
• DROP: This command is used to delete objects from the database.
• ALTER: This is used to alter the structure of the database.
• TRUNCATE: This is used to remove all records from a table, including
all spaces allocated for the records are removed.
• COMMENT: This is used to add comments to the data dictionary.
• RENAME: This is used to rename an object existing in the database.
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DML (Data Manipulation Language)
• List of DML commands: 
• INSERT : It is used to insert data into a table.
• UPDATE: It is used to update existing data within a table.
• DELETE : It is used to delete records from a database table.
• LOCK: Table control concurrency.
• CALL: Call a PL/SQL or JAVA subprogram.
• EXPLAIN PLAN: It describes the access path to data.

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TCL (Transaction Control Language)
• List of TCL commands: 
 
• COMMIT: Commits a Transaction.
• ROLLBACK: Rollbacks a transaction in case of any error
occurs.
• SAVEPOINT: Sets a savepoint within a transaction.
• SET TRANSACTION: Specify characteristics for the
transaction.

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DQL (Data Query Language)
• List of DQL: 

• SELECT: It is used to retrieve data from the database.

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DCL (Data Control Language)
• List of  DCL commands: 

• GRANT: This command gives users access privileges to the

database.
• REVOKE: This command withdraws the user’s access
privileges given by using the GRANT command.

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CREATE DATABASE & USE COMMANDS
Syntax – “Create Database database_name”
“Use database_name”
Query – ( Create

• CREATE DATABASE TEA_COMPANY;

• USE TEA_COMPANY;

Use

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CREATE TABLE COMMANDS
Syntax – “CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME ( “COLUMN 1” “DATA TYPE”, “COLUMN N” “DATA TYPE”);
Query – (
• CREATE TABLE TEA_ORDER
(S_No INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
NAME VARCHAR (225) NOT NULL,
Region VARCHAR(225) NOT NULL,
Item VARCHAR(225) NOT NULL,
Units INT NOT NULL,
UnitCost DECIMAL NOT NULL,
Total DECIMAL NOT NULL,
OrderDate DATE NOT NULL);

Table Creation
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INSERT VALUES COMMANDS
Syntax – “INSERT INTO” TABLE_NAME
“VALUES” ( VALUE 1, VALUE 2, VALUE N );

Query – (
• INSERT INTO TEA_ORDER VALUES
(1,'Jones','East','BLACK TEA',95,1.99,189.05,'1/6/2020');
• INSERT INTO TEA_ORDER VALUES
(2,'Kivell','Central','GREEN TEA',50,20,1000,'1/23/2020');
• INSERT INTO TEA_ORDER VALUES Query Table
(3,'Jardine','Central','BLACK TEA',36,5,180,'2/9/2020');
Insert Results

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WHERE Clause
• The WHERE clause is used for filter condition.
Syntax – “SELECT COLUMN 1, COLUMN 2, COLUMN N
FROM TABLE_NAME

WHERE CONDITION; ”
Query –
• SELECT NAME, Region, Units, Total, OrderDate
FROM TEA_ORDER
WHERE Item = 'BLACK TEA';

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AND, OR & NOT OPERATION
• The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR & NOT operations.
Syntax – “SELECT * FROM TABLE_NAME
WHERE COLUMN_NAME = ‘VALUE’ AND
(COLUMN_NAME = ‘VALUE’ OR COLUMN_NAME = ‘VALUE’);”

Query –
• SELECT * FROM TEA_ORDER
WHERE Region = 'East' AND
(Item = 'BLACK TEA' OR Item = 'BARLEY TEA');

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CREATE TABLE COMMANDS
• Syntax – “CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME ( “COLUMN 1” “DATA TYPE”, “COLUMN N” “DATA TYPE”);
• Query –
• CREATE TABLE ITEM_CONFORM
(Ord_No INT PRIMARY KEY,
CONFORMATION VARCHAR(225),
S_No INT);

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INSERT DATA COMMANDS
Syntax – “INSERT INTO” TABLE_NAME
“VALUES” ( VALUE 1, VALUE 2, VALUE N );

Query –
• INSERT INTO ITEM_CONFORM VALUES
(11,'DELIVERED',1);
• INSERT INTO ITEM_CONFORM VALUES
(12,'DELIVERED',2);
• INSERT INTO ITEM_CONFORM VALUES
(13,'NOT DELIVERED',3);
• INSERT INTO ITEM_CONFORM VALUES
(14,'DELIVERED',4);
• INSERT INTO ITEM_CONFORM VALUES
(15,'DELIVERED',5);
• INSERT INTO ITEM_CONFORM VALUES
(16,'NOT DELIVERED',6);

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SELECT STATEMENT
• The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
Syntax – “SELECT * FROM” TABLE_NAME;
Query –
• SELECT * FROM ITEM_CONFORM;
• SELECT * FROM TEA_ORDER;

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JOIN Clause
• A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables,
based on a related column between them.
INNER
• Here are different types of JOINTs inJOINTs
SQL.

FULL
LEFT
OUTER
JOINTs
JOINTs JOINTs

RIGHT 19
JOINTs
INNER JOINT TABLE
• Returns records that have matching values in both tables.
Syntax – “SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;”

Query –
• SELECT TEA_ORDER.S_No, TEA_ORDER.NAME,
ITEM_CONFORM.CONFORMATION ,
TEA_ORDER.Region,OrderDate
FROM TEA_ORDER
INNER JOIN ITEM_CONFORM ON
TEA_ORDER.S_No = ITEM_CONFORM.S_No;

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LEFT JOIN TABLE
• Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table.
Syntax – “SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;”

Query –
• SELECT TEA_ORDER.S_No, TEA_ORDER.NAME,
ITEM_CONFORM.CONFORMATION ,
TEA_ORDER.Region,OrderDate
FROM TEA_ORDER
LEFT JOIN ITEM_CONFORM ON
TEA_ORDER.S_No = ITEM_CONFORM.S_No;

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RIGHT JOIN TABLE
• Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table.
Syntax – “SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;”

Query –
• SELECT TEA_ORDER.S_No, TEA_ORDER.NAME,
ITEM_CONFORM.CONFORMATION ,
TEA_ORDER.Region,OrderDate
FROM TEA_ORDER
RIGHT JOIN ITEM_CONFORM ON
TEA_ORDER.S_No = ITEM_CONFORM.S_No
ORDER BY TEA_ORDER.NAME;

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FULL JOIN
• Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table.
Syntax – “SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;”

Query –
• SELECT TEA_ORDER.S_No, TEA_ORDER.NAME,
ITEM_CONFORM.CONFORMATION ,
TEA_ORDER.Region,OrderDate
FROM TEA_ORDER
FULL OUTER JOIN ITEM_CONFORM ON
TEA_ORDER.S_No = ITEM_CONFORM.S_No
ORDER BY TEA_ORDER.NAME;

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CASE STATEMENT
• The CASE statement goes through conditions and returns a value when the first
condition is met (like an if-then-else statement). So, once a condition is true, it will stop
reading and return the result. If no conditions are true, it returns the value in
the ELSE clause.
Syntax – SELECT COLUMN 1, COLUMN 2
CASE
WHEN CONDITION 1 THEN RESULT 1
ELSE RESULT
END AS TEXT
FROM TABLE_NAME;

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CASE STATEMENT
Query –
• SELECT S_No, Units,
CASE
WHEN Units > 30 THEN 'The quantity is
greater than 30’
WHEN Units = 30 THEN 'The quantity is 30’
ELSE 'The quantity is under 30’
END AS QuantityText
FROM TEA_ORDER;

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MIN() & MAX() FUNCTION
• The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.
• The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.

Syntax – SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

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MIN() & MAX()
Query –
• SELECT * FROM TEA_ORDER;
• SELECT MAX(Units) AS LARGEVALUE
FROM TEA_ORDER;
• SELECT MIN(Units) AS SMALLVALUE
FROM TEA_ORDER;

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Thank you

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Questions?

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 SAURAV BHARTIA
Delivery: Data Migration

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