DMDW – Syllabus – BCA Sem 4

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 1

 DMDW – Syllabus – BCA Sem 4

 Unit I

 Introduction: Data Mining and Importance, Relational Databases, Data

Warehouses, Transactional Databases. Data Mining Functionalities,
Kinds of Patterns.
 Data Preprocessing: Why Preprocess the Data?, Descriptive Data Summarization:
Measuring the Central Tendency, Measuring the Dispersion of Data, Data
Cleaning, Data Integration and Transformation, Data Reduction.

 Unit II

 Data Warehouse and OLAP Technology: An Overview, What Is a Data

Warehouse? , A Multidimensional Data Model, From Tables and
Spreadsheets to Data Cubes, Stars, Snowflakes, and Fact
Constellations: Schemas for Multidimensional databases, Examples,
Measures: Their Categorization and Computation, Concept Hierarchies,
OLAP Operations in the Multidimensional Data Model.
 Data Warehouse Architecture: Steps for the Design and Construction of Data
Warehouses, A Three- Tier Data Warehouse Architecture, Data Warehouse Back-
End Tools and Utilities. Data Warehouse Implementation.

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 Syllabus
 Unit III
 Mining Frequent Patterns, Associations, and Correlations: Basic Concepts,
Mining Methods: The Apriori Algorithm: Finding Frequent Itemsets Using
Candidate Generation, Generating Association Rules from Frequent
Itemsets,
 Improving the Efficiency of Apriori, Mining Frequent Itemsets without Candidate
Generation. Mining various kinds of Association Rules: Mining Multilevel Association
Rules, Mining Multidimensional Association Rules from Relational Databases and Data
Warehouses.
 Unit IV
 Classification and Prediction: Classification, Prediction, Regarding
Classification and Prediction, Decision Tree Induction, Attribute Selection
Measures. Bayesian Classification: Naïve Bayesian Classification
 Rule-Based Classification: Using IF-THEN Rules for Classification, Rule
Extraction from a Decision Tree, Rule Induction Using a Sequential
Covering Algorithm.

Unit V
 Cluster Analysis: Cluster Analysis, Types of Data in Cluster Analysis, A
Categorization of Major Clustering Methods, Partitioning Methods.
 Hierarchical Methods: Agglomerative and Divisive Hierarchical Clustering,
Density-Based Methods, Outlier Analysis

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 Data Mining Activities / Kinds of Patterns

 Descriptive Data Mining: It includes certain knowledge to

understand what is happening within the data without a previous
idea. The common data features are highlighted in the data set. For
example, count, average etc.
 Predictive Data Mining: It helps to provide unlabeled definitions of
attributes. With previously available or historical data, data mining can
be used to make predictions about critical business metrics based on
data's linearity. For example, predicting the volume of business next
quarter based on performance in the previous quarters over several
years or judging from the findings of a patient's medical examinations
that the patient is suffering from any particular disease.
 Prescriptive Data Mining : Suggestions and or Direction

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 4

Data Mining Functionalities

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 Class/Concept Descriptions

 A class or concept implies there is a data set or set of features that

define the class or a concept. A class can be a category of items on a
shop floor, and a concept could be the abstract idea on which data
may be categorized like products to be put on clearance sale and non-
sale products.
 There are two concepts here, one that helps with grouping and the
other that helps in differentiating.
 Data Characterization: This refers to the summary of general characteristics or
features of the class, resulting in specific rules that define a target class. A data
analysis technique called Attribute-oriented Induction is employed on the data set
for achieving characterization.
 Data Discrimination: Discrimination is used to separate distinct data sets based
on the disparity in attribute values. It compares features of a class with features of
one or more contrasting classes. E.g., bar charts, curves and pie charts.
 Data can be associated with classes or concepts
 E.g. Electronics store classes of items for sale include computer and printers

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 Mining Frequent Patterns
 One of the functions of data mining is finding data
patterns. Frequent patterns are things that are
discovered to be most common in data. Various
types of frequency can be found in the dataset.
 Frequent item set: refers to a group of items that are commonly
found together, such as milk and sugar.
 Frequent substructure: refers to the various types of data
structures that can be combined with an item set or
subsequences, such as trees and graphs.
 Frequent Subsequence: A regular pattern series, such as
buying a phone followed by a cover or other accessories related to
the product purchased.

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 7

 Association Analysis

 Also known as Market Basket Analysis for its wide use in retail sales,
Association analysis aims to discover associations between items occurring
together frequently. Association analysis is based on rules having 2 parts:
 antecedent (if)
 consequent(then)
 An antecedent is an item in a collection, which, when found, also indicates a
certain chance of finding a consequent in the collection. In other words, they
are associated. From the data association inferences like,
 If a customer buys potato chips, he / she is about 70% likely to buy soft drinks along with it.
So, over a big chunk of data, you see this association with a certain degree of confidence.
 It analyses the set of items that generally occur together in a transactional
dataset. Two parameters are used for determining the association rules:
 It provides which identifies the common item set in the database.
 Confidence is the conditional probability that an item occurs when another
item occurs in a transaction.
 Multi-dimensional vs. single-dimensional association
 age(X, “20..29”) ^ income(X, “20..29K”) => buys(X, “PC”) [support = 2%, confidence = 60%]
 contains(T, “computer”) => contains(x, “software”) [support=1%, confidence=75%]

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 8

 Classification

 Classification is a data mining technique that

categorizes items in a collection, based on some
predefined properties.
 A training set containing items whose properties
are known and is used to train the system to
predict the category of items from an unknown
collection of items.
 It uses methods like if-then, decision trees or
neural networks to predict a class or essentially
classify a collection of items.
 E.g., classify countries based on climate, classify cars
based on mileage
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 Classification

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 10

 Prediction

 Defines predict some unavailable data values or spending trends. An

object can be anticipated based on the attribute values of the object
and attribute values of the classes. It can be a prediction of missing
numerical values or increase or decrease trends in time-related
information. There are primarily two types of predictions in data
mining: numeric and class predictions.
 Numeric predictions are made by creating a linear regression

model that is based on historical data. Prediction of numeric

values helps businesses ramp up for a future event that might
impact the business positively or negatively.
 Class predictions are used to fill in missing class information for

products using a training data set where the class for products is
known.
 Numerical prediction
 E.g., Weather, Stock Price, Traffic

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 11

 Cluster Analysis

 Cluster Analysis, fundamentally similar to classification,

where similar data are grouped together with the
difference being that a class label is not known. Clustering
algorithms group data based on similar features and
dissimilarities. Used in image processing, pattern
recognition and bioinformatics
 Data attributes represent the classes. Similar data are
grouped together, with the difference being that a class
label is not known. Clustering algorithms group data
based on similar features and dissimilarities.
 Clustering based on the principle: maximizing the intra-
class similarity and minimizing the interclass similarity

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 12

 Outlier Analysis

 Outlier analysis is important to understand the quality of data.

 If there are too many outliers, you cannot trust the data or draw
patterns out of it.
 An outlier analysis of the data that cannot be grouped into any classes
by the algorithms is pulled up.
 An outlier analysis tries to determine if there is something out of turn
in the data and does it indicate a situation that a business needs to
take account of and take measures to mitigate it.
 In most cases, outliers are data abnormalities. Still, it is important to
take note of each so unusual activities or events that trigger a
business impact can be detected well in advance.
 Outlier: a data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the model of the data
 It can be considered as noise or exception but is quite useful in
fraud detection, rare events analysis
June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 13
 Evolution and Deviation Analysis

 Evolution Analysis pertains to study of data sets

that undergo change over a time period.
 Evolution analysis models are designed to capture
evolutionary trends in data helping in
characterizing, classifying, clustering or
discrimination of time-related data.

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 14

 Correlation Analysis

 Correlation is a mathematical technique for

determining whether and how strongly two
attributes are related to one another.
 It determines how well two numerically measured
continuous variables are linked (e.g. height and
weight).
 Researchers can use this type of analysis to see if
there are any possible correlations between
variables in their study for example, people with
good height tend to be heavier. It refers to the
various types of data structures, such as trees and
graphs, that can be combined with an item set or
subsequence.
June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 15
 Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
 This is a view from typical
database systems and data
warehousing communities Pattern Evaluation
 Data mining plays an essential role
in the knowledge discovery process
Data Mining

Task-relevant Data

Data Selection
Warehouse
Data Cleaning

Data Integration

Databases
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 Views of DM

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 17

 Steps of a KDD Process

1. Data Preprocessing (cleaning, Transform,

Reduction)
2. Data integration
3. Data selection
4. Data transformation
5. Data mining
6. Pattern evaluation
7. Knowledge presentation

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 Data Preprocessing

June 26, 2022 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 19

 Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 Data to be mined
 Database data (extended-relational, object-oriented, heterogeneous,

legacy), data warehouse, transactional data, stream, spatiotemporal,

time-series, sequence, text and web, multi-media, graphs & social
and information networks
 Knowledge to be mined (or: Data mining functions)
 Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering,

trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc.

 Descriptive vs. predictive data mining

 Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels

 Techniques utilized
 Data-intensive, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics,

pattern recognition, visualization, high-performance, etc.

 Applications adapted
 Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining,

stock market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc.

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 Data Mining: On What Kinds of Data?
 Database-oriented data sets and applications
 Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database
 Advanced data sets and advanced applications
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences)
 Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
 Object-relational databases
 Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
 Spatial data and spatiotemporal data
 Multimedia database
 Text databases
 The World-Wide Web

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Data Mining Function: (1) Generalization
 Information integration and data warehouse construction
 Data cleaning, transformation, integration, and
multidimensional data model
 Data cube technology
 Scalable methods for computing (i.e., materializing)
multidimensional aggregates
 OLAP (online analytical processing)
 Multidimensional concept description: Characterization
and discrimination
 Generalize, summarize, and contrast data
characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet region

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 Data Mining Function: (2) Association
and Correlation Analysis
 Frequent patterns (or frequent itemsets)
 What items are frequently purchased together in your
Online Purchase Platforms?
 Association, correlation vs. causality
 A typical association rule
 Diaper  Beer [0.5%, 75%] (support, confidence)
 Are strongly associated items also strongly correlated?
 How to mine such patterns and rules efficiently in large
datasets?
 How to use such patterns for classification, clustering,
and other applications?
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Data Mining Function: (3) Classification

 Classification and label prediction

 Construct models (functions) based on some training examples
 Describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction
 E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
 Predict some unknown class labels
 Typical methods
 Decision trees, naïve Bayesian classification, support vector
machines, neural networks, rule-based classification, pattern-
based classification, logistic regression, …
 Typical applications:
 Credit card fraud detection, direct marketing, classifying stars,
diseases, web-pages, …

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Data Mining Function: (4) Cluster Analysis

 Unsupervised learning (i.e., Class label is unknown)

 Group data to form new categories (i.e., clusters), e.g.,
cluster houses to find distribution patterns
 Principle: Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing
interclass similarity
 Many methods and applications

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Data Mining Function: (5) Outlier Analysis
 Outlier analysis
 Outlier: A data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the data
 Noise or exception? ― One person’s garbage could be another
person’s treasure
 Methods: by product of clustering or regression analysis, …
 Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis

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Time and Ordering: Sequential Pattern,
Trend and Evolution Analysis
 Sequence, trend and evolution analysis
 Trend, time-series, and deviation analysis: e.g., regression

and value prediction

 Sequential pattern mining

 e.g., first buy digital camera, then buy large SD memory

cards
 Periodicity analysis

 Motifs and biological sequence analysis

 Approximate and consecutive motifs

 Similarity-based analysis

 Mining data streams

 Ordered, time-varying, potentially infinite, data streams

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 Structure and Network Analysis
 Graph mining
 Finding frequent subgraphs (e.g., chemical compounds), trees

(XML), substructures (web fragments)

 Information network analysis
 Social networks: actors (objects, nodes) and relationships (edges)

 e.g., author networks in CS, terrorist networks

 Multiple heterogeneous networks

 A person could be multiple information networks: friends,

family, classmates, …
 Links carry a lot of semantic information: Link mining

 Web mining
 Web is a big information network: from PageRank to Google

 Analysis of Web information networks

 Web community discovery, opinion mining, usage mining, …

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 Evaluation of Knowledge
 Are all mined knowledge interesting?
 One can mine tremendous amount of “patterns” and knowledge
 Some may fit only certain dimension space (time, location, …)
 Some may not be representative, may be transient, …
 Evaluation of mined knowledge → directly mine only
interesting knowledge?
 Descriptive vs. predictive
 Coverage
 Typicality vs. novelty
 Accuracy
 Timeliness
 …
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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
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Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple Disciplines

Machine Pattern Statistics

Learning Recognition

Applications Data Mining Visualization

Algorithm Database High-Performance

Technology Computing

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Why Confluence of Multiple Disciplines?
 Tremendous amount of data
 Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes of
data
 High-dimensionality of data
 Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
 High complexity of data
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
 Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
 Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
 Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
 Software programs, scientific simulations
 New and sophisticated applications
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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
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 Applications of Data Mining
 Web page analysis: from web page classification, clustering to
PageRank & HITS algorithms
 Collaborative analysis & recommender systems
 Basket data analysis to targeted marketing
 Biological and medical data analysis: classification, cluster analysis
(microarray data analysis), biological sequence analysis, biological
network analysis

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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
35
 Major Issues in Data Mining (1)

 Mining Methodology
 Mining various and new kinds of knowledge
 Mining knowledge in multi-dimensional space
 Data mining: An interdisciplinary effort
 Boosting the power of discovery in a networked environment
 Handling noise, uncertainty, and incompleteness of data
 Pattern evaluation and pattern- or constraint-guided mining
 User Interaction
 Interactive mining
 Incorporation of background knowledge
 Presentation and visualization of data mining results

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 Major Issues in Data Mining (2)

 Efficiency and Scalability

 Efficiency and scalability of data mining algorithms
 Parallel, distributed, stream, and incremental mining methods
 Diversity of data types
 Handling complex types of data
 Mining dynamic, networked, and global data repositories
 Data mining and society
 Social impacts of data mining
 Privacy-preserving data mining
 Invisible data mining

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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
38
 A Brief History of Data Mining Society

 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases

 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. Frawley,
1991)
 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G.
Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
and Data Mining (KDD’95-98)
 Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
 ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
 More conferences on data mining
 PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM
(2001), etc.
 ACM Transactions on KDD starting in 2007
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 Chapter 1. Introduction
 Why Data Mining?
 What Is Data Mining?
 A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?
 What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
 What Technology Are Used?
 What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?
 Major Issues in Data Mining
 A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
 Summary
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 Summary
 Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from
massive amount of data
 A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with
wide applications
 A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data
selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and
knowledge presentation
 Mining can be performed in a variety of data
 Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination,
association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc.
 Data mining technologies and applications
 Major issues in data mining

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