Animal Nutrition

Human Digestion

Regents Biology 2006-2007

 What do animals need to live?
 Animals make energy
using:
 food food
 oxygen

 Animals build bodies

using:
ATP
 food for raw materials
 amino acids, sugars, O2
fats, nucleotides
 ATP energy for synthesis

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 How do animals get their food?

suspension feeding substrate feeding

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fluid feeding bulk feeding
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 Different diets; different lives
 All animals eat other organisms
 Herbivores
 eat mainly plants
 gorillas, cows,
rabbits, snails
 Carnivores
 eat other animals
 sharks, hawks, spiders, snakes
 Omnivores
 eat animals & plants
 cockroaches, bears, raccoons, humans
 humans evolved as hunters, scavengers & gatherers
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 Getting & Using Food
 Ingest
 taking in food
 Digest
 mechanical digestion
 breaking up food into smaller pieces
intracellular
 chemical digestion digestion
 breaking down food into molecules
small enough to be absorbed into cells
 enzymes
 Absorb
 absorb across cell membrane
 diffusion
 active transport
 Eliminate
 undigested material passes out of
extracellular
digestive system
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digestion
 Digestive systems
Everybody’s got one!

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 Human digestive system

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 Swallowing (& not choking)

 Epiglottis
 flap of cartilage
 closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
 food travels down esophagus
 Peristalsis
 involuntary
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 Ingestion
 Mouth
 mechanical digestion
 teeth
 breaking up food
 chemical digestion
 saliva
 amylase
 enzyme digests starch
 mucin
 slippery protein (mucus)

 protects soft lining of digestive system

 lubricates food for easier swallowing

 buffers
 neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay

 anti-bacterial chemicals
 kill bacteria that enter mouth with food
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 mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food

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 Stomach
 Functions
 food storage
 can stretch to fit ~2L food
 disinfect food
 HCl = pH 2
 kills bacteria
 chemical digestion
 pepsin
 enzyme breaks down proteins

But the stomach is made out of protein!

What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects
stomach lining
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 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
digest starch break up food
kill germs digest proteins
moisten food store food

sphincter

sphincter

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 Coevolution of parasite & host
Ulcers Colonized by Free of
H. pylori
H. pylori
 Used to think
ulcers were
caused by stress inflammation of
stomach
inflammation of
esophagus
 tried to control
with antacids
H. pylori
 Now know ulcers
caused by
bacterial inflammatory
proteins
cell damaging
proteins

infection of
(VacA)
(CagA)

stomach
 H. pylori cytokines
helper T cells
 now cure with
neutrophil cells
antibiotics white blood cells

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 Revolutionizing healthcare
2005 Nobel prize in medicine

J. Robin Warren

Barry Marshall
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 Small intestine
 Function
 chemical digestion
 major organ of digestion & absorption
 absorption through lining
 over 6 meters!
 small intestine has huge surface area =
300m2 (~size of tennis court)
 Structure
 3 sections
 duodenum = most digestion
 jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water
 ileum = absorption of nutrients & water
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 Duodenum
 1st section of small intestines
 acid food from stomach
 mixes with digestive juices from:

 pancreas
 liver
 gall bladder

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 Pancreas
 Digestive enzymes
 digest proteins
 trypsin, chymotrypsin
 digest starch
 amylase
 Buffers
 neutralizes
acid from
stomach

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 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
digest starch break up food
kill germs digest proteins
moisten food store food

pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch

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 Liver
 Function
 produces bile
 bile stored in gallbladder until needed
 breaks up fats
 act like detergents to breakup fats

bile contains
colors from old
red blood cells
collected in liver =
iron in RBC rusts &
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makes Biology
brown
 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
digest starch break up food
kill germs digest proteins
moisten food store food
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
break up fats

pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch

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 Absorption by Small Intestines
 Absorption through villi & microvilli
 finger-like projections
 increase surface area for absorption

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 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
digest starch break up food
kill germs digest proteins
moisten food store food
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
break up fats small intestines
breakdown food
pancreas - proteins
produces enzymes to - starch
digest proteins & starch - fats
absorb nutrients

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 Large intestines (colon)
 Function
 re-absorb water
 use ~9 liters of water every
day in digestive juices
 > 90% of water reabsorbed
 not enough water absorbed
 diarrhea
 too much water absorbed
 constipation

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 You’ve got company!
 Living in the large intestine is a
community of helpful bacteria
 Escherichia coli (E. coli)
 produce vitamins
 vitamin K; B vitamins
 generate gases
 by-product of bacterial metabolism
 methane, hydrogen sulfide

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 mouth stomach
break up food kills germs
digest starch break up food
kill germs digest proteins
moisten food store food
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
break up fats small intestines
breakdown food
pancreas - proteins
produces enzymes to - starch
digest proteins & carbs - fats
absorb nutrients

large intestines
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 Appendix
Vestigial organ

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 Rectum
 Last section of colon (large intestines)
 eliminate feces
 undigested materials
 extracellular waste
 mainly cellulose from plants
 roughage or fiber

 masses of bacteria

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 Different diets; different bodies
 Adaptations of herbivore vs. carnivore
 teeth
 length of digestive system

 number & size of stomachs

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 Teeth
 Carnivore
 sharp ripping
teeth
 “canines”

 Herbivore
 wide grinding
teeth
 molars

 Omnivore
 both kinds of
teeth
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 Length of digestive system
 Herbivores & omnivores
 long digestive
systems
 harder to digest
cellulose (cell walls)
 bacteria in intestines
help
 Carnivores
 short digestive
systems
 protein easier to
digest than cellulose
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 Eating a balanced diet
 What happens if an animal’s diet is
missing an essential nutrient?
 deficiency diseases
 scurvy — vitamin C (collagen production)
 rickets — vitamin D (calcium absorption)
 blindness — vitamin A (retinol production)
 anemia — vitamin B12 (energy production)
 kwashiorkor — protein

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 Vegetarian diets
 Need to make sure you get enough protein
 20 amino acids to make protein
 12 amino acids humans can produce
 8 we have to eat = “essential amino acids”
 Grains (like corn) have 6 (missing 2)
 Beans (like soybean & red beans) have 6 (missing different 2)
 mix beans & grains
for complete group of
amino acids
 rice & beans
 taco/tortilla & beans
 tofu & rice
 peanut butter & bread

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 Feedback: Maintaining Homeostasis
 Balancing glucose levels in blood
cells
depress pancreas insulin take up
appetite glucose
from blood

liver
takes up
glucose
for storage

liver releases
glucose
to blood

pancreas stimulate
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 Any Questions??

Regents Biology 2006-2007