MKB4062 – PENGOLAHAN SINYAL DIGITAL

FINITE IMPULSE RESPON

FILTER DIGITAL
 FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE ;
FILTER FORMAT

An FIR filter is completely specified by the following input–output relationship:

where bi represents FIR filter coefficients and K + 1 denotes the FIR filter length. Applying
the z-transform on both sides on Equation (1) leads to
2
Factoring out X(z) on the right-hand side of Equation (2) and then dividing X(z) on both
sides, we have the transfer function, which depicts the FIR filter, as
3
 EXAMPLE

Given the FIR filter

determine the transfer function, filter length, nonzero coefficients, and impulse response.
Solution:
Applying the z-transform on both sides of the difference equation yields

Then the transfer function is found to be

 EXAMPLE (NEXT…)

The filter length is K +1 = 3, and the identified coefficients are

b0 = 0,1 ; b1 = 0,25 ; b2 = 0,2
Taking the inverse z-transform of the transfer function, we have

This FIR filter impulse response has only three terms.

 FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE ;
FILTER FORMAT

1. The transfer function in Equation (3) has a constant term, all the other terms
have negative powers of z, and all the poles are at the origin on the z-plane.
Hence, the stability of the filter is guaranteed. Its impulse response has only a
finite number of terms.
2. The FIR filter operations involve only multiplying the filter inputs by their
corresponding coefficients and accumulating them; the implementation of this
filter type in real time is straightforward.
From the FIR filter format, the design objective is to obtain bi coefficients for the
FIR filter such that the magnitude frequency response of the FIR filter H(z) will
approximate the desired magnitude
 PHASE RESPONSE

• When a signal passes through a filter, its amplitude or phase will be affected. A
measure that shows the phase characteristics of a signal that has passed through
the filter is the phase delay or group delay.
• Phase delay is the amount of time delay for each frequency that passes through
the filter.
• Group Delay is the average delay time of the signal.
 PHASE RESPONSE

Mathematically, the phase delay can be written as the negative of the phase angle divided by
the frequency
4

Meanwhile, the group delay is the negative of the first derivative of the phase angle with
respect to frequency
5

A filter to have a linear phase response when the signal passing through the filter undergoes
a phase distortion proportional to the frequency. Thus, to meet these characteristics, the filter
must have the following phase response:
6
7
( 𝑛−1
)
PHASE RESPONSE

If the filter has the characteristics as in equation (6) then the filter has a constant phase delay
and group delay

2
To fulfill equation (6), the filter must have an impulse response with positive symmetry,
namely
8
 PHASE RESPONSE

While a filter that has characteristics such as equation (7) then the filter only has a constant
group delay,

The phase delay can be calculated,

which shows the phase delay is not constant but is still a function of frequency. To fulfill
equation (7) then the filter must have an impulse response with negative symmetry, namely

9
 TYPE OF FIR FILTER

There are 4 types of FIR

filters based on the type of
symmetry and the number of
N, even or odd, as shown in
Table 1.
 TYPE OF FIR FILTER

The pictures of the impulse response of the

filter can be seen in Figure 1. The four types
of filters have different characteristics.
 FILTER DESIGN

• The first step is to determine the specifications of the filter to be designed, such as
filter type, amplitude and/or phase response, tolerance, and sampling frequency.
As we have seen, there are 4 types of filters based on the frequency they can pass:
lowpass, bandpass, highpass, and bandstop.
• Calculates the fitter coefficient h [n] in order to meet the desired specifications.
• Realization of the filter into the appropriate form/structure, which is usually in the
form of a block diagram.
• Analyze the word length (number of bits) which represents the filter coefficient
that has been calculated in the second step.
 FILTER SPECIFICATIONS

Some parameters that indicate the

specifications of the filter to be
designed are as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 shows a real (not ideal)
lowpass filter.
 FILTER SPECIFICATIONS

Some parameters indicating filter specifications Some parameters indicating filter specifications

As previously mentioned, in normalization, i.e. f/Fs

THANKS