Operating Systems

Introduction

Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
(Deemed to be University)
Green fields, Vaddeswaram, AP-522502, India

Session : 1
 Introduction
• Syllabus
• Objectives
• What Does the Term Operating System Mean?
• What is an Operating System?
• Computer System Structure
• Abstract View of Components of Computer
• What Operating Systems Do
• Defining Operating Systems
• Operating System Definition
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 Syllabus
• CO1: What Operating Systems Do, Computer-System
Organization, Computer- System Architecture, Operating-
System operations, Resource Management, Security and
Protection, Virtualization, Distributed Systems, Kernel Data
Structures, Computing Environments, Free and Open-
Source Operating systems, Operating-System Services,
User and Operating-System Interface, System Calls, System
Services, Linkers, and Loaders. Process Concept, Process
Scheduling, Operations on Processes, Interprocess
Communication, IPC in Shared-Memory Systems, IPC in
Message-Passing Systems, Examples of IPC Systems,
Communication in Client-Server Systems.
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 Syllabus
• CO2: Threads & Concurrency: Overview, Multicore
Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries,
Implicit Threading, Threading Issues. CPU Scheduling:
Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms, Thread
Scheduling, Multi-Processor Scheduling, Real-Time CPU
Scheduling. PROCESS SYNCHRONIZATION: Background, The
Critical-Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Hardware
Support for Synchronization, Mutex Locks, Semaphores,
Monitors, Liveness

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 Syllabus
• CO3: Classic Problems of Synchronization, Synchronization
within the Kernel, POSIX Synchronization, Alternative
Approaches. Deadlocks: System Model, Deadlock in
Multithreaded Applications, Deadlock Characterization,
Methods for Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock Prevention,
Deadlock Avoidance, Deadlock Detection, Recovery from
Deadlock

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 Syllabus
• CO4: Main Memory, Background, Contiguous Memory
Allocation, Paging, Structure of the Page Table, Swapping.
Virtual Memory: Demand Paging, Copy on Write, Page
Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing. Mass-
Storage Structure: Overview of Mass-Storage Structure,
HDD Scheduling, NVM Scheduling, File-System Interface:
File Concept, Access Methods, Allocation Methods.

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 Syllabus
Text Book:
• “Operating System Concepts‟, 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc
by Silberschatz & Galvin, 2018
Reference books:
• Andrea Arpaci - Dusseau and Remzi Arpaci - Dusseau, “Operating Systems:
Three Easy Pieces”, Arpaci - Dusseau Books, Inc. 2014
• Charles Crowley, “Operating Systems: A Design-Oriented Approach‟, TMH,
2017 Edition.
• William Stallings, “Operating Systems–Internals and Design Principles”, 9th
Edition, Pearson. 2018
• Andrew S. Tanenbaum, “Modern Operating Systems”, 4th Edition, Pearson Edu.,
2016.
• Gary Nutt, “Operating Systems”, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, 2004.
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 Objectives

• Describe the general organization of a computer system

and the role of interrupts
• Describe the components in a modern, multiprocessor
computer system
• Illustrate the transition from user mode to kernel mode
• Discuss how operating systems are used in various
computing environments
• Provide examples of free and open-source operating
systems

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 What Does the Term Operating System
Mean?
• An operating system is “fill in the blanks”
• What about:
• Car
• Airplane
• Printer
• Washing Machine
• Toaster
• Compiler
• Etc.

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 What is an Operating System?

• A program that acts as an intermediary between a

user of a computer and the computer hardware
• Operating system goals:
• Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
• Make the computer system convenient to use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

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 Computer System Structure
• Computer system can be divided into four components:
• Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications
and users
• Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games
• Users
13/07/2022 • People, machines, other computers
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 Abstract View of Components of
Computer

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 What Operating Systems Do
• Depends on the point of view
• Users want convenience, ease of use and good
performance
• Don’t care about resource utilization
• But shared computer such as mainframe or
minicomputer must keep all users happy
• Operating system is a resource allocator and control
program making efficient use of HW and managing
execution of user programs

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 What Operating Systems Do
• Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have
dedicated resources but frequently use shared resources
from servers
• Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are resource
poor, optimized for usability and battery life
• Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice recognition
• Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles
• Run primarily without user intervention

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 Defining Operating Systems
• Term OS covers many roles
• Because of myriad designs and uses of OSes
• Present in toasters through ships, spacecraft, game
machines, TVs and industrial control systems
• Born when fixed use computers for military became
more general purpose and needed resource
management and program control

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 Operating System Definition

• No universally accepted definition

• “Everything a vendor ships when you order an
operating system” is a good approximation
• But varies wildly
• “The one program running at all times on the
computer” is the kernel, part of the operating system

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 Operating System Definition
• Everything else is either
• A system program (ships with the operating system, but
not part of the kernel) , or
• An application program, all programs not associated with
the operating system
• Today’s OSes for general purpose and mobile
computing also include middleware – a set of software
frameworks that provide additional services to
application developers such as databases, multimedia,
graphics
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 Introduction
Objectives
What Does the Term Operating System Mean?
What is an Operating System?
Computer System Structure
Abstract View of Components of Computer
What Operating Systems Do
Defining Operating Systems
Operating System Definition

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