Lecture 1

Introduction of pharmacology
‫ربي اشرح لي صدري ويسر لي امري‬
‫‪...‬واحلل عقدة من لساني يفقهوا قولي‬
‫اسال هللا لكم التوفيق والسداد‬
 1- introduction
Learning 2-General
.
Terminology
objectives
3-Classifications of drug

4-Names of drugs (nomenclature)

5-Sources of drugs

6-Routes of Drug Administration

And dosage form
1- introduction
 What is a drug?

A drug can be identified as a chemical substance of

Known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential
dietary ingredient which when administered to a living
organism produces a biological effect
 Why are drugs prescribed?
1-Promote healing 5-Decrease risk of complications
Anti-inflammatory • Anticoagulants
2-Cure disease 6-Increase function and comfort
Antibacterial • Analgesics for pain
3-Control or slow progress 7-Provide replacement therapy
of a disease • Insulin
Cancer chemotherapy 8-Reduce excessive activity in the
4-Prevent disease body
Vaccine • Proton pump inhibitors
2- General Terminology
 Terminology
Pharmacology can be defined as the study of the
Pharmacology effects of drugs on the function of the living
systems
How the body affect the drugs (through absorption,
Pharmacokinetics distribution, metabolism & elimination) {OR what the
body does to drugs}

Pharmacodynamics How drugs alone and in combination affect the

body (what drugs do to the body).

.
Terminology
Terminology

 Medication: is a substance administered for

diagnosis, cure, treatment, mitigation or
prevention.

Prescription: the written direction for the

preparation and the administration of the drug.
 Administration and Distribution of Drugs
Terminology

• Dose
• Amount of drug required to produce the desired effect in
adult
• Expressed by a weight or measure (mcg, mg, etc.) – often
show as ratio of dose/weight (mg/kg)
• Expressed by time factor (e.g., twice a day)
 Terminology
Terminology

• The therapeutic effect: is the primary effect intended that is

the reason the drug is prescribed such as morphine sulfate
is analgesia.

• Side effect: secondary effect of the drug is one that

unintended, side effects are usually predictable and may be
either harmless
 Terminology
Terminology Cont …..
Terminology

• Drug toxicity: harmful effect of the drug on an organism

or tissue, result from overdose or external use.

• Drug allergy: is immunological reaction to a drug.

 Terminology
Terminology Cont …..
Terminology

• Drug interaction: occur when

administration of one drug before or
after alter effect of one or both drug.

• Drug misuse: Is the improper use of

common medications in way that lead
to acute and chronic toxicity for
example laxative, antacid and
vitamins.
 Terminology
Terminology Cont …..
Terminology

• Bioavailability: Means that the drug

has reached the circulation and is
therefore available for all the tissues.
• Tolerance: A decreasing response to
repetitive drug doses
 Terminology of Drug Effects
Terminology

• Indications :Approved for uses to treat

conditions for which the drug has been proved to
be effective
• Off-label: uses for which the drug has shown
effectiveness but is not the approved use.
• Contraindications
• Circumstances under which a drug should not
be administered
 Terminology of Drug Effects
Terminology

• Side effects
• Mild, undesirable effects of a drug, even at
recommended dose
• Adverse or toxic effects
• Drug effects that are dangerous, cause
significant tissue damage, or are life-
threatening
 Specific Adverse Drug Effects
Terminology

Interactions: drug effect modified by combination with another drug

Synergism
Effect of drug combination may be greater than the sum of the
effects of the individual drugs.
Antagonism
Combination greatly decreases the effect of each drug.
Potentiation
One drug enhances the effect of a second drug.
3-Classification of drugs
 3-Classification of drugs
Therapeutic Uses: e.g. antimicrobials, antidiabetic,
anti hypertensive, analgesic, etc….

body system: e.g. alimentary, cardiovascular

. Molecular Interaction: e.g. receptor blocker,

Mode or site of action
enzyme inhibitor.
Cellular site: e.g. loop diuretic
.
Molecular structure: e.g. glycoside, alkaloid, steroid.
4-Naming of drug (Nomenclature
 4-Naming of drug (Nomenclature)

Any drug may have 3 names of the following classes:

1) The full chemical name: describes the compound
for chemists. It is obviously unsuitable for prescribing
e.g. N- dimethyl propylamine
2) A non- proprietary name: (official, generic, approved
name) : e.g. Imipramine, Diazepam
3) A proprietary name (brand name): that is commercial
property of a pharmaceutical companies.
5- Source of drugs
 5- Source of drugs
01 Minerals: Liquid paraffin, magnesium sulfate, etc

02 Animals: Insulin, thyroid extract, heparin and antitoxin sera, etc

03 Plants: Morphine, digoxin, atropine, castor oil, etc

04 Synthetic source: Aspirin, paracetamol, etc.

05 Micro organisms: Penicillin, streptomycin and many other

antibiotics.
06 Genetic engineering: Human insulin, human growth hormone
etc.
• 6-Routes of Drug Administration And dosage form
Routes of Drug Administration
 The route of administration is determined by properties of the drug (for
example, water or lipid solubility, ionization) and by the therapeutic
objectives

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 Routes of Drug Administration

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 Discuss
differences
in effect
times

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Dosage forms
1. Enteral

Dosage forms
2. Parenteral
3. Other

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1-Enteral
 Enteral administration (administering a drug by

Dosage forms
mouth) is the most common, convenient, and
economical method of drug administration.
 The drug may be swallowed, allowing oral delivery, or
it may be placed under the tongue (sublingual) or
between the gums and cheek (buccal), facilitating
direct absorption into the bloodstream.

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1-Enteral
 1. Oral

Dosage forms
 2. Sublingual/buccal

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1-Enteral (Oral)

 Oral drugs are easily self-administered

Dosage forms
 Toxicities and/or overdose of oral drugs
 low gastric pH inactivates some drugs.
 A wide range of oral preparations is available including
enteric-coated and extended-release preparations.

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 1-Enteral (Oral)
 Enteric-coated  Extended-release

Dosage forms
preparations preparations
 Extended-release
 An enteric coating is a (abbreviated ER, XR, XL, SR,
chemical envelope that etc.) medications have
protects the drug from special coatings or
stomach acid ingredients that control drug
release, thereby allowing for
slower absorption and
prolonged duration of action.
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1-Enteral( Sublingual/buccal)
 The sublingual route  advantages, including

Dosage forms
involves placement of 1. ease of administration
drug under the tongue. 2. rapid absorption
 The buccal route 3. bypass of the
involves placement of gastrointestinal (GI)
drug between the cheek
4. avoidance of first-pass
and gum.
metabolism

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2-Parenteral
(general information)
 parenteral route introduces drugs directly into the

Dosage forms
systemic circulation.
 poorly absorbed from the GI tract.
 unstable in the GI tract
 patients unable to take oral medications
 The four major parenteral routes are intravascular
(intravenous or intraarterial), intramuscular,
subcutaneous, and intradermal

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 Parenteral
 1. Intravenous (IV)  Intramuscular (IM)

Dosage forms
 IV delivery permits a  Drugs administered IM
rapid effect. can be in aqueous
 a maximum degree of solutions,
control over the amount  which are absorbed
of drug delivered. rapidly, or in specialized
depot preparations,
which are absorbed
slowly.

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 Parenteral
 3. Subcutaneous (SC)  4. Intradermal (ID)

Dosage forms
 SC injection minimizes  The intradermal (ID)
the risks of hemolysis or route involves injection
thrombosis associated into the dermis, the
with IV injection more vascular layer of
 This route should not be skin under the epidermis
used with drugs that  Agents for diagnostic
cause tissue irritation, determination
because severe pain and
necrosis may occur.
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 3-Other
1. Oral inhalation and nasal preparations

Dosage forms
2. Intrathecal/intraventricular
3. Topical
4. Transdermal
5. Rectal

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 3-Other
 1- Oral inhalation and nasal preparations

Dosage forms
 delivery of drug across the large surface area of
mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
 Drugs that are gases, aerosol are administered via
inhalation.
 delivered directly to the site of action.
 Minimizing systemic side effects.

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 3-Other
 2. Intrathecal/intraventricular drugs directly into
the cerebrospinal fluid.

Dosage forms
 3. Topical a local effect of the drug is desired.

 4. Transdermal This route of administration achieves

systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin.

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 3-Other
 5. Rectal

Dosage forms
 the biotransformation of drugs by the liver is minimized
with rectal administration.
 Preventing destruction of the drug in the GI environment.
 patient is already vomiting, unconscious

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 ‫في الختام المحاضرة‬

‫‪‬‬
‫سبحانك اللهم وبحمدك اشهد ان‬
‫ال اله اال انت استغف‪T‬رك واتوب‬
‫‪.....‬اليك‬
‫‪44‬‬
References
 Lippincott® Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology Seventh
Edition

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