SUR 181 SITE SURVEYING II

CHAPTER 4: PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE PARAMETER OBSERVATION

Lecturer: Noorsazwan Ahmad Pugi Department of Surveying Science and Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, University Technology MARA Seri Iskandar Perak

MEASURE OF BEARING
Bearing

Defined as angle between the direction of the line and the direction beginning at the meridian or north To establish direction of the line between two point in the site, bearing of the line must be determine. Whole circle bearing (WCB) is the measurement line where the direction of the measurement is clock wise. WCB range is 0 - 360 from north direction or certain reference north.
U U B D = WCB from CD

= WCB from AB C A

MEASURE OF BEARING

How to Read Bearing

TYPES OF BEARING
True Bearing Grid Bearing Magnetic Bearing Forward and Back Bearing Quadrant Bearing

TRUE BEARING

Any angle measured in a clockwise direction from the true meridian to a line is a true whole circle bearing (WCB).
TN

TN A

TN

C X X B C

GRID BEARING

The grid whole circle bearing of any survey lines is the clockwise angle between grid north line and the survey line.

MAGNETIC BEARING

Any angle measured in a clockwise direction from the magnetic meridian to a line is a magnetic whole circle bearing (WCB)
MN A MN MN

C X X B C

FORWARD AND BACK BEARING

Any survey line can have various whole circle bearing

N

Forward Bearing

Back Bearing

QUADRANT BEARING (REDUCED BEARING)

Quadrant are known as the north east, south east, south west and north west quadrants. The quadrant bearing of any line the angle which it makes with the north south axis.

North
North West North East

West
South West South East

East

South

QUADRANT BEARING

Whole circle bearing to quadrant bearing

Lin W.C.B Between e Rule for Q.B Quadrant

North W West
A

AX

0 and 90

Q.B = W.C.B

NE

AY

90 and 180

Q.B = 180 W.C.B

SE

East
AZ 180 and 270 270 and 360 Q.B = W.C.B 180 Q.B = 360 W.C.B SW NW

Z South

AW

QUADRANT BEARING

Quadrant bearing to whole circle bearing

Line

Q.B

Rule for Q.B

W.C.B Between

North W West X
AX N E W.C.B = Q.B 0 and 90

AY

S E

W.C.B = 180 - Q.B

90 and 180

East
AZ S N W W W.C.B = 180 +Q.B W.C.B = 360 - Q.B 180 and 270 270 and 360

Z South

AW

MEASURE OF DISTANCE

How to measure distance

CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE

Latitude and Departure

Latitude and departure are uses for obtained the accuracy of traverse and determine the coordinate for each of traverse station. y Latitude is the different of distance on the north-south axis between two point survey. y Departure is the different of distance on the east-west axis between two point survey.
y

Latitude = D cosine Departure = D sine

CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE

North

Survey line B

Latitude = D cosine Departure = D sine

Bearing ( ) Distance (D) Latitude

Latitude A-B = D cosine Departure A-B = D sine

Departure East

D = Distance of Point A-B = Bearing of Point A-B

CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE

Traverse Adjustment

Two Methods

Transit Method

Bowditch Method

CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE

Transit Method

2 Correction in Latitudes for line 1-2 3 1

Total latitudes misclosure = ____________________ X Latitudes of line 1-2 Total sum of latitudes

Correction in Departures for line 1-2 5 4

Total departures misclosure = ____________________ X Departures of line 1-2 Total sum of departures

CALCULATION OF TRAVERSE

Bowditch Method

2 Correction in Latitudes for line 1-2 3 1

Total latitudes misclosure = ____________________ X lengths of line 1-2 Total traverse length

Correction in Departures for line 1-2 5 4

Total departures misclosure = ____________________ X lengths of line 1-2 Total traverse length