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Growth and Development of Children: Adele Piliterri, Child Health Nursing, Lippincott
Growth and Development of Children: Adele Piliterri, Child Health Nursing, Lippincott
Children
• Continuous process
• Predictable Sequence
• Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time.
• Environmental factors
Pre-natal environment
1-Factors related to mothers during pregnancy:
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Diabetic mother
- Exposure to radiation
- Infection with German measles
- Smoking
- Use of drugs
2-Factors related to fetus
• Mal-position in uterus
• Faulty placental implantation
Post-Natal Environment
I - External environment:
- socio-economic status of the family
- child’s nutrition
- climate and season
- child’s ordinal position in the family
- Number of siblings in the family
- Family structure (single parent or extended family … )
Internal environment
• Child’s intelligence
• Hormonal influences
• Emotions
Types of growth and development
Types of growth:
- Physical growth (Ht, Wt, head & chest circumference)
- Physiological growth (vital signs …)
Types of development:
- Motor development
- Cognitive development
- Emotional development
- Social development
Stages of Growth and Development
- Weight = 2.700 – 4 kg
- Wt loss 5% -10% by 3-4 days after birth
- Wt gain by 10th days of life
- Gain ¾ kg by the end of the 1st month
Weight:
Head circumference
33-35 cm
Head is ¼ total body length
Skull has 2 fontanels (anterior & posterior)
Anterior fontanel
• Diamond in shape
• The junction of the sagittal, corneal and frontal
sutures forms it
• Between 2 frontal & 2 parietal bones
• 3-4 cm in length and 2-3 cm width
• It closes at 12-18 months of age
Posterior fontanel
• Triangular
• Located between occipital & 2 parietal bones
• Closes by the end of the 1st month of age
Chest circumference
Smell
Motor development:
The newborn's movement are random,
diffuse and uncoordinated. Reflexes carry
out bodily functions and responses to
external stimuli.
Fine motor development
• Gagging
• Sucking
• Grasp
• Tonic-neck
One month-Reflexes
Cognitive development
13 month old
Nine to 12-months
Fine Motor Development
in infancy
6-month-old
12-month-old
-:Definition of normal infant
It is the period which starts at the end
of the first month up to the end of the
first year of age. Infant's growth and
development during this period are
.rapid
Physical growth of normal infant
Weight : the infant gains :
- Birth to 4 months → ¾ kg /month
- 5 to 8 months → ½ kg / month
- 9 to 12 months → ¼ kg /month
:At 18 months
• Hold cup with both hands.
• Transfer objects hand-to hand at will.
Continuous
:At 24 months
• Go up and down stairs alone with
two feet on each step.
• Hold a cup with one hand.
• Remove most of own clothes.
• Drink well from a small glass held in
one hand.
:At 30 months: the toddler can
• Jump with both feet.
• Jump from chair or step.
• Walk up and downstairs, one foot
on a step.
• Drink without assistance.
Issues in parenting – toddler
(emotional development)
• Stranger anxiety – should dissipate by age 2 ½
to 3 years
• Temper tantrums: occur weekly in 50 to 80%
of children – peak incidence 18 months – most
disappear by age 3
• Sibling rivalry: aggressive behavior towards
new infant: peak between 1 to 2 years but may
be prolonged indefinitely
• Thumb sucking
• Toilet Training
:Cognitive development
• Up to 2 years, the toddler uses his senses
and motor development to different
self from objects.
• The toddler from 2 to 3 years will be in
the pre-conceptual phase of
cognitive development (2-4 years),
where he is still egocentric and can not
take the point of view of other people.
:Social development
• The toddler is very social being but still
egocentric.
• He imitates parents.
• Notice sex differences and know own sex.
• According to Erikson,
• The development of autonomy during this
period is centered around toddlers increasing
abilities to control their bodies, themselves and
their environment i.e., "I can do it myself".
Pre-School
Preschool stage
Definition:-
It is the stage where child is 3 to 6
years of age. The growth during
this period is relatively slow.
Physical growth:-
Weight: The preschooler gains
approximately 1.8kg/year.
• Blood Pressure:
100/67+24/25.
Fine Motor – Older Toddler
• Lack of socialization
Weight:
• School–age child gains about 3.8kg/year.
• Boys tend to gain slightly more weight
through 12 years.
• Weight Formula for 7 - 12 yrs
= (age in yrs x 7 )– 5
2
:Height
• The child gains about 5cm/year.
• Body proportion during this period: Both
boys and girls are long-legged.
Dentition:
• Permanent teeth erupt during school-age
period, starting from 6 years, usually in
the same order in which primary teeth are
lost.
• The child acquires permanent molars,
medial and lateral incisors.
:Physiological growth
• Pulse: 90+15 beats/min
(75 to 105).
• Respiration: 21+3C/min
(18–24).
• Blood Pressure: 100/60+16/10.
School Years: fine motor
• Writing skills improve
• Fine motor is refined
• Fine motor with more focus
• Building: models – logos
• Sewing
• Musical instrument
• Painting
• Typing skills
• Technology: computers
Motor development
At 6–8 years, the school–age child:
• Rides a bicycle.
• Runs Jumps, climbs and hops.
• Has improved eye-hand coordination.
• Prints word and learn cursive
writing.
• Can brush and comb hair.
At 8–10 years, the school–age child:
• Throws balls skillfully.
• School failure
• Lack of friends
• Social isolation
• Aggressive behavior: fights, fire setting,
animal abuse
to 18 Year Old 13
Adolescent age
• Physical growth
• Physiological growth
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Cognitive development
• Emotional development
• Social development
:Definition of adolescent
Emotional development:
This period is accompanied usually by changes in emotional
control. Adolescent exhibits alternating and recurrent episodes
of disturbed behavior with periods of quite one. He may
become hostile or ready to fight, complain or resist every thing.
Social development:
He needs to know "who he is" in relation to family and society,
i.e., he develops a sense of identity. If the adolescent is unable
to formulate a satisfactory identity from the multi-
identifications, sense of self-confusion will be developed
according to Erikson:-
Adolescent shows interest in other sex.
He looks for close friendships.
Adolescent behavioral problems
• Anorexia
• Attention deficit
• Anger issues
• Suicide
Adolescent Teaching
• Relationships
• Sexuality – STD’s / AIDS
• Substance use and abuse
• Gang activity
• Driving
• Access to weapons
Developmental theory
Freud theory
(sexual development).
Piaget theory
(cognitive development ).
Erikson theory
(psychosocial development).
Freud theory
(sexual development)
Infancy stage Oral-sensory stage
Toddler stage Anal stage
Preschool stage Genital stage
School-age stage Latency Stage
Adolescence stage Pubertal stage
Piaget theory
(cognitive development
Infancy stage Up to2 years sensori -motor
years pre-conceptual 2-3
Toddler stage .phase
Preschool stage Up to 4years pre-conceptual
.phase
School-age stage
years concrete- 7-12
.operational
Adolescence stage years preoperational 12-15
formal operations
years - through life 15
formal operations
Erikson theory
(psychosocial development)
Infancy stage .Trust versus mistrust
Toddler stage Autonomy and self esteem
.versus shame and doubt
.Initiative versus guilt
Preschool stage
.Industry versus inferiority
School-age stage