Tissue regeneration scaffold

Presented by:
Shivani
17BBT1201
Introduction
 The term tissue engineering was initially introduced by
Professor Robert Nerem in 1988.

 A comprehensive definition of TE was given as the

application of life sciences and engineering to develop a
basic understanding of the functional and structural
relationship of natural and pathologic mammalian tissues
and the development of biosubstitute that can be utilized to
restore, maintain or improve tissue damaged or lost by
various disease conditions.
 Traditional method such as grafting method mainly
depends upon the availability of the donor tissue which
further coupled with pain and risk to patient.

 So, artificial scaffolds have been applied and used as

supporting structure foe cell growth in repair of impaired
tissue and organs.

 During cell regeneration, the scaffold temporarily help in

cell regeneration and gradually biodegrades either in the
course of healing or later on.
 The scaffold fabrication gain attention because of:
- its high biological compatibility
- biological degradation
- rapid remodelling in vivo

 The ECM mainly consists of proteins including, collagen,

fibrin, fibrinogen, gelatine, elastin etc. polysaccharides such
as alginate, hyaluronic acid, cellulose, chitosan etc.
This complex mixture offers mechanical and biochemical
support to surrounding cells and controls their performance in
regeneration
Scaffold features for T.E
 An appropriate scaffold must be capable of its repair body
tissues with minimum requirements for cell growth,
vascularization, proliferation and host integration and
material should be degradable naturally.

Specific characteristics

Biological Structural Chemical

Biological characteristics
 Biological aspects of scaffold include their
biocompatibility and nontoxicity properties.

 The cells grown in scaffold must be able to reproduce and

discriminate freely without interference to produce a new
matrix

 Ideal scaffold must mimic the properties of ECM.

 Scaffold should avoid any host immune response.

Structural Characteristics
 Biological tissue is a complex 3D structure so the main
objective of TE is to abridge this structure complexity and
functions using biological scaffolds that provides cell
proteins and genes for tissue reconstructions.

 The porosity of the scaffolds must improve its mechanical

properties to support cell growth.

 the scaffold with appropriate pore size improves cell

migration and water absorption as well as promotes the
high mass transfer of oxygen throughout the scaffold.
Chemical Composition.
 Typically, most scaffolds consists of polymers,
bioceramics and hybrid materials whether natural or
human made
 The polymers used are of two types”
- Natural - synthetic

Natural polymers like hyaluronic acid, fibrin, chitosan ,

collagen. They are good biocompatible, low immunogenicity;
But they suffer from free degradation rates and low
mechanical stability.
 Synthetic Polymers like polyether ether ketone(PEEK),
polylactic acid , polypropylene fumigate(PPF)

They exhibit tolerate degradation rate.

Have the ability to fabricate into complex shapes and have

improved cell attachments

Production cost is low, large quantities production and have

longer shelf life
Scaffold manufacturing
and fabrication technologies
Classification

Conventional Rapid Prototyping

 Freeze drying - Stereolithography(SLA)
 Solvent casting and practical -Selective laser sintering(SLS)
leaching - Solvent bases extrusion
 Gas foaming freeforming(SEF)
 Electrospinning - Bioprinting
 Thermal- induced phase separation
Solvent Casting and particle
leaching:
In this technique , a solvent is combined with uniformly
distributed salt particles of a certain size is used to
dissolve the polymer solution
The solvent evaporates leaving a matrix containing salt
particles
 The matrix is then submerged in water and the salt
leaches away to form a structure with high porosity.
The solvent casting with particle leaching only fits thin
membranes of thin wall 3D structures
The porosity lies between 50% -90% with the capacity of
tuning the pore size
Freeze- Drying
Process is also known as Lyophilisation.
It involves the use of a synthetic polymer that first dissolved in
appropriate solvent.

After the dissolution, the polymer solution is cooled under the

freezing point; resulting in solid solvent that is evaporated by
sublimation to leave a solid scaffold with numerous interconnected
pore.

In this technique, when the solution is cooled to freezing point, the
solutes can be separated in the ice phase resulting in a small porous
structure characterized by a “fence” of matter surrounding the ice.
The scaffolds are achieved after consequent drying.

Main advantage is pore size can be managed and

controlled by the freezing temperature.
Thermal Induced phase
Separation( TIPS)
TIPS is a low temperature method designed to force
phase separation via the temp. alterate related to
setting the homogenous polymer solution with a high
temp. in a decreased temp. environment to induce
phase separation so that a polymer rich phase as well
as poor polymer phase is achieved

A porous scaffold structure can be achieved when the

solvent is eliminated with the aid of freeze- drying
leaving a relatively porous, nanoscale fibrous network.
This method is useful for the construction of
thermoplastic crystalline polymer scaffolds.

Low temperature can be utilized for the integration of

bioactive molecules within the fibrous scaffold material.

Pour size obtained in between 50nm- 500nm, thus

making them close to mimic the tissue structure.
Gas Foaming
This technique has been evolved to cope with using
high temperature and organic cytotoxic solvents.

The technique uses relatively inert gas foaming

agents( CO₂, N) to pressurize modelled biologically
degradable polymer with water or fluoroform until they are
saturated or full of gas bubbles

 technique produces sponge like structure with pour a size

of 30µm 700µm and porosity upto 85%.
Electospinning
 The technique is used for making fibres from a solution by
using electricity.

 This method is used to developing nanofibrous scaffolds

in TE.

 It is a very complicated technique in which charging liquid

under high voltage leads to the integration between the
surface tension and electrostatic repulsion that causes
droplets on shipments to erupt and stretch.
 The standard electrospinning system consists of:
- high voltage power supply
- spinning with syringe pump
- metallic needle
- grounded collector
 The strength of the electric field exceeds the surface tension
of the droplet to produce a liquid jet that is then extended and
whipped continuously by electrostatic repulsion until it is
deposited on the grounded collector.
Stereolithography
 This method is basically used to create solid 3D objects by
consecutively printing a thin layer of UV curable material
layer by layer.
 Have 4 main parts:
- tank with photosensitive liquid resin
- transferable built platform
- UV laser for radiating
resin
- dynamic mirror system
 This process begins with UV laser by depositing a laser of
photosensitive liquid resin on the platform

 After solidification of initial layer, the platform is lowered

vertically

 The second layer is then placed until 3D scaffold is created.

 The uncured resign is cleaned off, and the scaffold is postured

under UV light.
Fused Deposition Modeling
 In this technique a solid polymer is cast into a hot extrusion
nozzle to be melted and extruded on the surface 3D object
using a computer collected extrusion and deposition
process; The scaffold is made from multiple layers of
adjacent microfilaments.

 The process is utilized for making thermoplastic

biopolymers.
Selective Laser Sintering
 The method was developed by Texas University of Austin
in 1986

 Laser is used as a power source to sinter powdered material

defined by a 3D model in the thin film

 Used to make various material such as polymers, metals or

ceramics
3D printing
 3D printing is a process of creating tools and functional
prototype features directly from the computer models.
 It is performed by applying the powdered material in layers
and the selective fusion of the powder by ink jet
 The continuous deposition yields to 3D object
 Process can be used to make ceramics, metal and
metal/ceramic composite parts
 Helps to develop precise control
of scaffold structure at the
micron level
Bioprinting
 It is a 3D technique, defined as “ using material transfer process
for developing a biological pattern and assembly of relative
materials, cells, molecule, tissues and biodegradable
biomaterials with a prescribed structure to achieve some
biological functions”

 The introduction of solvent free, aqueous based system allows

the direct printing of biomaterials on 3D scaffolds for
transplantation with/without seeded cells
 In general, bioprinting enables
personal medicine by using the
technical form of cell growth.
Conclusion
References
Hollister, S. J. (2005). Porous scaffold design for tissue
engineering. Nature materials, 4(7), 518-524.

Chen, G., Ushida, T., & Tateishi, T. (2002). Scaffold

design for tissue engineering. Macromolecular
Bioscience, 2(2), 67-77.

 Eltom, A., Zhong, G., & Muhammad, A. (2019).

Scaffold techniques and designs in tissue engineering
functions and purposes: a review. Advances in
Materials Science and Engineering, 2019.
Thank you