Near Surface Crack

1 2
The crack blocks the Lateral Wave
And the lower tip appears on the A-scan
Incomplete Root Penetration
1
2

1 2 3 4

Note the two signals from the top & bottom

 Lack of Root Penetration
1
1

2
3

2
3

Note the inverted phase between LW and defect

Lack of Fusion, Side Wall
1
1
2 2
3

4
3

Note the two signals from the top & bottom

 Porosity
1
2 1

2
3

Porosity may image in many forms

whether individual or cluster
 Transverse Crack
1
1
2 2
1
3
2

3 4
3

In the LW we can observe the wide beam effect on the crack

 Concave Root
1
1
2

2
3
3

• Distortion of back-wall echo

Lack of Fusion, Interpass

1
2