WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

MEANING


Working capital refers to short term funds to meet operating expenses. It refers to the funds which a company must possess to finance its day to day operations. It is concerned with the management of the firms current assets and current liabilities.

Constituents of Current Assets and Current Liabilities



Current Assets- Inventories (Raw materials , Work - in process, Finished goods), Trade debtors, Loans and advances, Investments, Cash and bank balances Current Liabilities- Sundry creditors, Trade advances, short term Borrowings, etc

Concept of Working Capital

There are two concepts of working capital: Gross working capital Net working capital

Gross working capital

The total of all current assets are termed as gross working capital or circulating capital

Net working capital

The difference between current assets and current liabilities is known as net working capital.

Kinds of Working Capital

1.Concepts based  Gross Working Capital  Net Working Capital 2.Time based  Permanent or regular Working Capital  Temporary or Variable Working capital

Permanent or regular Working Capital



The minimum level of current assets maintained in a firm is known as permanent or regular working capital.

Temporary or Variable Working capital



Any additional working capital apart from permanent working capital required to support the change in production and sales activities is referred to as temporary or Variable working capital. In other words an amount over and above the permanent working capital is variable working capital.

Management of working capital

There are three dimensions in managing working Capital It is concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, risk and liquidity. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current assets. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current liabilities

Needs and Objectives of working Capital

  

 

For the purchase of raw materials To pay wages and salaries To ensure day to day overhead costs such as fuel, power and office expenses etc. To meet selling costs such as packaging and advertising expenses To provide credit facilities to the customers To maintain the inventories of raw materials, working in process and finished goods.

Need to maintain balanced Working CapitalFor maximization of profit or minimization of working capital cost or to maintain balance between liquidity and profitability there is a need to maintain a balance in working capital. It should not be Excessive or Inadequate

 

The dangers of excessive working capital



It results in unnecessary accumulation of inventories which leads to mishandling of inventories, waste, theft and losses. It is an indication of defective credit policy and increase in collection period. It leads to managerial inefficiency.

The dangers of inadequate working capital

  

It stagnates growth. Difficult to implement production It leads to inefficient utilization of fixed assets. It hampers the firm s goodwill in the market.

Factors influencing Working Capital

The working capital needs of a firm are influenced by numerous factors. The important ones are: Nature of business Size of the business Seasonality of operations. Production policy Production Cycle Process

    

  

Credit policy or terms of purchase and sales Business Cycle Growth and expansion Scarce availability of raw material

    

Profit level Dividend policy Price level changes Operating Efficiency Availability of credit

Estimation of required working capital

Particulars
A. Estimation of CA 1. Raw materials 2. Working-in-process Raw materials full costs) Direct Labour (to the extent of completed stage) Overheads (to the extent of completed stage) 3 Finished goods inventory 4 Debtors 5 Cash balance required

Total Current Assets B. Estimation of CL 1. Creditors 2. Outstanding expenses B. Total Current liabilities
C. Net Working Capital (A-B) Add contingencies(% on NWC)

D. Working Capital Required

Problem From the following information of XYZ ltd estimate the working capital needed to finance a level of production of 110000 units after adding 10% safety contingencies. Particulars Amount (Rs.) Raw Materials 78 Direct Labour 29 Overheads 58 Total Costs 165 Profit 24 Selling Price 189 Additional Information Average Raw material in stock (one month), Average materials in process (50% completion- month), Average Finished goods in stock (one month), Credit allowed by supplier (one month), Credit allowed to customers (two month(, Time lag in payment of wages ( one& weeks ), Time lag in payment of Overheads expenses (one month). of the sales is on cash basis. Cash balance is expected to be Rs.215000/-.

Determination of required working capital

Particulars
A. Estimation of CA 1. Raw materials(110000*78*4/52) 2. Working-in-process:Half month Raw materials (110000*78*2/52)=330000 Direct Labour (110000*14.5*2/52)=61346.15 Overheads( 110000*29*2/52)=122692.31 3 Finished goods inventory (110000*165*4/52)= 4 Debtors (82500*165*8/52) 5 Cash balance required 660000

514038.46 1396153.85 2094230.77 215000 4879423.08

Total Current Assets B. Estimation of CL 1. Creditors(110000*78*4/52) 2. Outstanding expenses 3. Overheads(110000*58*4/52)=490769.23

4.

660000

Labour (110000*29*3/104)=92019.23

582788.46 1242788.46 3636634.62 363663.46

B. Total Current liabilities

C. Net Working Capital (A-B) Add contingencies(% on NWC)

D. Working Capital Required

4000298.08

Working capital policies

By taking into consideration of what should be the ratio of current assets to sales the policies of working capital are Aggressive current asset policy Moderate current asset policy Conservative current asset policy

  

Aggressive current asset policy



if the firm follows a highly aggressive current asset policy, it will carry a low level of current assets in relation to sales. An aggressive current asset policy, seeking to minimize the investment in current assets, exposes the firm to greater risk. The firm may not be able to cope with unanticipated changes in the market place and operating conditions. The compensation for higher risk, of course, is higher expected profitability.

Moderate current asset policy



If the firm adopts a moderate current asset policy, a moderate level of current assets in relation to sales will exist. The moderate level of investment in current assets helps keeping a sufficient amount of resources available for investment in business and maintain adequate liquidity. It results moderate level of risk for the business.

Conservative current asset policy



If the firm pursues a very conservative current asset policy, it will carry a high level of current assets in relation to sales. Such a policy tends to reduce risk. The surplus current assets under it enable the firm to cope easily with variations in sales, production plans etc. The reduction of risk, however, is also accompanied by the lower expected profitability

Working capital financing Approach

By taking into consideration of what should be the ratio of short term financing to long term financing of the working capital approaches are Hedging or matching approach Conservative approach Aggressive approach

  

Hedging or matching approach



In this approach the finance manager matches the maturity profile of the assets with maturity profile of the sources of finance. Fixed assets and permanent current asset should finance with long term sources and temporary current assets are to be financed with short term sources.

Conservative approach


In this approach the firm depends more on long term sources of finance. The firm finances its permanent working capital and also a part of its fluctuating working capital with long term financing. Only a small portion of the temporary working capital financed trough short term sources.

Conservative approach
$
Marketable securities

S-T Debt L-T Fin: Stock, Bonds,

Perm C.A.

Fixed Assets Years

Aggressive approach


In this approach a firm uses more short term sources of financing. Here the temporary as well as a part of the permanent working capital is financed through short term sources.

Temp. C.A. S-T Loans Perm C.A.

L-T Fin: Stock, Bonds,

Fixed Assets Years

Choosing the overall Working Capital Policy

The overall working capital policy adopted by the firm can be broadly conservative, moderate, or aggressive. Under a conservative overall working capital policy the firm chooses a conservative current asset policy with a conservative current asset financing policy. A moderate overall working capital policy reflects combination of a conservative current asset policy and an aggressive current asset financing policy, or a combination of an aggressive current asset policy and a conservative current asset policy

An aggressive overall working capital policy consists of an aggressive current asset policy and an aggressive current asset financing policy. An overall conservative working capital policy reduces risk and offers low return. An overall moderate working capital policy offers moderate return accompanied by moderate risk. An overall aggressive working capital policy provides a package of high risk and high return. The choice of an overall working capital policy will depend on the risk disposition of management.

Trade-off between profitability, risk and liquidity


 

Profitability Increase in WC Decrease in WC Lower Higher

Liquidity Higher Lower

Risk Lower Higher

Operating and cash conversion cycle



The time that elapses between the purchase of raw material and the collection of cash for sale is referred as the operating cycle.

  

Operating cycle is of 2 types Gross operating cycle Net operating cycle

Gross operating cycle



 

The length of the gross operating cycle of a firm is the sum of 1.Inventory conversion period 2. Debtors conversion period (DCP)

1.Inventory conversion period

Raw material conversion period(RMCP)+Work in process conversion period(WIPCP)+Finished goods conversion period(FGCP)

Net operating cycle or cash conversion cycle=(RMCP +WIPCP +FGCP+DCP)Creditors payables period(CPP)OR NOC=GOC-CPP

RMCP= Raw material inventory / Raw material consumption per day Or (Raw material inventory X 360)/Raw material consumption  WIPCP= Work in process inventory/ cost of production per day Or (Work in process inventoryx360) /cost of production  FGCP=(Finished goods inventory x 360)/Cost of goods sold  DCP=(Debtors x360)/Credit sales  CPP=(Creditors x360)/Credit purchases


Question
Opening stock of R.M Add: purchase of R.M Less closing stock of R.M Cost of R.M consumed Direct labour Direct expenses Prime cost Add factory O.H Add work in progress (beginning) Less work in progress (closing) Factory or works cost Total cost 10000 100000 5000 105000 20000 10000 135000 15000 5000 10000 145000

Add admin. O.H 20000 Cost of production 165000 Add:opening stock of f.g 25000 Less:closing stock of f.g 30000 Cost of goods sold 160000 Add selling &dist. O.H 10000 Total cost or cost of sales 170000 profit 20000 Sales 190000  Debtors 25000 ,Creditors 20000, Credit sales 140000  Credit purchase 70000  Find out net and gross operating cycle

Solution
      

RMCP=(5000x360)/105000=17 days WIPCP=(10000x360)/165000=22 days FGCP=(30000x360)/160000=68 days DCP=(25000x360)/140000=64 days CCP=(20000x360)/70000=103 days GOC=17+22+68+64=171 days NOC=171-103=68 days

Financing of working capital

There are two types of financing Working Capital Long term financing- Shares, Debenture, Ploughing back of profits, Loans from Financial Institutions. Short term financing- Accruals, Trade credit, Working Capital advance from commercial Banks, Public Deposits, Short terms loans from Financial Institution, Factoring, Commercial Papers

Sources of Short term Financing



The major accrual items are wages and taxes. These are simply what the firm owes to its employees and to the government. Accruals vary almost spontaneously with the level of activity of the firm Trade credit represents the credit extended by the suppliers of goods and services. It is a very important source of financing. The cost of trade credit depends on the terms of credit offered by the supplier. When the supplier offers discount for prompt payment, trade credit availed beyond the discount period is quite costly

Working capital advance by commercial banks represents often the most important source for financing current assets. It is provided in different ways: (i) overdrafts, (ii) discount of bills.

Many firms, large and small, have received deposits from the public. The maximum maturity period allowed for public deposits is three years for manufacturing companies and five years for finance companies. A deposit made by one company, with another, normally for a period up to six months is referred to as an inter-corporate deposit.

Two newly emerging sources of short-term financing are: commercial paper and factoring. Commercial paper represents short-term unsecured promissory note issued by firms, which enjoy a fairly high credit rating. Factoring involves sale of accounts receivable to a factor who charges a commission on it.

Important question
       

1.What are the different types of working capital ? 2.Explain working capital cycle 3.What is the need to maintain balanced working capital? 4.What are the factors/determinants affecting working capital? 5.What are the different working capital policies ? 6.What are the different financing approach? 7.What are the sources of financing working capital? 8. What are the short term sources of financing working capital? 9.Problem from working capital estimation .