The major functions of the

kidneys
All the functions are directly or indirectly related to the
:formation of urine. The series of events leads to
To the elimination of wastes -
.Regulation of total body water balance -
Control of the chemical composition of the blood and -
other body fluid
Control of acid base balance -
• The processes in urine formation are: -
• 1. Blood filtration, every day the kidneys filter
1700 Liter of blood.
• 2. Tubular re-absorption
• 3. Tubular secretion
• Average Comparison of filtration, re-absorption
and excretion, here variation in urine composition
will occur during variation in the daily diet, fluid
intake, weather and exercise.
• Glomerulus Vascular (capillary) component of
renal corpuscle. Filters (by hydrostaticpresure)
water, dissolved substances(minus most
plasma proteins, blood cells) from blood
plasma
• Glomerular capsule:
• Initial tubular component of nephoron. Transports glomerular
filtrate to proximal tubule.
• Proximalconvoluted tubule:
• Reabsorbs (by active transport) Na+, K+, Ca2+, amino
acids,uric acid, ascorbic acid, ketone bodies, glucose.
Reabsorbs (as a result of active H+ secretion) HPO4 2-, Cl-,
SO4 2-, HCO3
• Reabsorbs (by osmosis) water.
• Reabsorbs (by diffusion) urea. Actively secretes substances
such as penicillin, histamine organic acids, organic bases.
• Descending loop of the nephron:
• Reabsorbs (by active transport) Na+.
• Reabsorbs (by electrochemical gradient) Cl-,
SO4
• Reabsorbs (by osmosis) water.
• Reabsorbs (by diffusion) urea.
• Ascending loop of the nephron:
• Reabsorbs (by active transport) Na+, Cl-.
• Reabsorbs (by electrochemical gradient) HCO3
• DistalConvoluted tubule:
• Reabsobs (by active transport) Na+.
• Reabsorbs (by electrochemical gradient) PO4 Cl-, SO4
HCO3.
• Reabsorbs (by osmosis) water.
• Reabsorbs (by diffusion) urea.
• Actively secretes H+.
• Collecting duct:
• Reabsorbs (by active transport) Na+.
• Reabsorbs (by osmosis, under control of ADH)
water.
• Actively secrets H+ and K+.
• Actively reabsorbs K+.
 Urine & urination
• Composition of urine varies depending on the
diet, exercise, water consumption and other
factors. However, it is composed of mainly
water, urea, chloride,
potassium,sodium,cretinin, phosphate,
sulfates and uric acid.trace amount of Proteins,
glucose,
• casts (decomposed blood) and calculi from
minerals are abnormal if present in urine
• The PH of urine is 5.0 to 8.0 (mostly acidic)
and has translucent (clear, not cloudy) color.
To maintain the proper osmotic concentration
of the extra cellular fluid to excrete wastes
and to maintain proper kidney function the
body must excrete at least 450ml of urine per
day. A healthy person excretes 1000 to 1800
ml of urine daily.
• The volume and concentration of urine is
controlled by:
• - Antidiuretic hormone
• - Aldestrone
• - The Renin – angiotensin mechanism
 Urination
• Urination is emptying of the bladder; it is the
process of conscious and unconscious nerve
control.
• Conscious desire to urinate
• Pelvic diaphram muscle relax

• Urinary bladder neck Moves down, outlet Opens, wall stretch,

• Receptors are stimulated

• Smooth muscle of Urinary bladder Contracts & urine ejects