Central nervous system

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• The major regions of the brain are the
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem
(mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata),
and cerebellum
• The cerebrum is the largest part of the
brain and the center for integration
within the central nervous system

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• Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided
into frontal, parietal, occipital, and
temporal lobes

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Major Parts of the Brain

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 Functional Regions of the
Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebral cortex
• Thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost
portion of cerebrum
• Contains 75% of all neurons in the nervous system
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Central sulcus
Motor areas involved with the control
Sensory areas involved with
of voluntary muscles
cutaneous and other senses

Concentration, planning,
problem solving

Frontal eye field

Parietal lobe
Auditory area
Sensory speech area
Front lobe ( Wernicke’s area)

Occipital lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area) Combining
visual images,
visual recognition
Lateral sulcus
of objects
Visual area
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Cerebellum
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Temporal lobe Brainstem
Functions of the Cerebral Lobes

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 Sensory Areas
(post-central sulcus)
• Cutaneous sensory area • Sensory area for taste
• Parietal lobe • Near base of the central sulcus
• Interprets sensations on • Sensory area for smell
skin • Arises from centers deep within
the cerebrum
• Visual area Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
• Occipital lobe Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
• Interprets vision Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Frontal eye field
Parietal lobe
Auditory area

• Auditory area
Sensory speech area
Front lobe ( Wernicke’s area)

Occipital lobe
• Temporal lobe Motor speech area
(Broca’s area) Combining

• Interprets hearing Lateral sulcus

visual images,
visual recognition
of objects
Visual area
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Cerebellum

Temporal lobe Brainstem 8

 Sensory Areas
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Trunk Pelvis Trunk

Arm Neck Pelvis
Thigh
Forearm Forearm Arm Thigh

Thumb,
Leg
fingers, Hand, fingers,
and hand and thumb Leg

Upper Foot and

Foot and face toes
Facial
toes
expression Genitals
Lips

Salivation Teeth and

Vocalization gums
Mastication
Tongue and
Swallowing pharynx

Longitudinal Longitudinal
fissure fissure
(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area

Frontal lobe

Motor area

Sensory area

Central sulcus Parietal lobe

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 Association Areas
• Regions that are not primary motor or primary sensory areas
• Widespread throughout the cerebral cortex
• Analyze and interpret sensory experiences
• Provide memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
Motor areas involved with the control
Sensory areas involved with
of voluntary muscles
cutaneous and other senses

Concentration, planning,
problem solving

Frontal eye field

Parietal lobe
Auditory area
Sensory speech area
Front lobe ( Wernicke’s area)

Occipital lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area) Combining
visual images,
visual recognition
Lateral sulcus
of objects
Visual area
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Cerebellum

Temporal lobe Brainstem 10

 Association Areas
• Frontal lobe association areas
• Concentrating
• Planning
• Complex problem solving
• Parietal lobe association areas
• Understanding speech
• Choosing words to express
thought
• Temporal lobe association areas
• Interpret complex sensory
experiences
• Store memories of visual scenes,
music, and complex patterns
• Occipital lobe association areas
• Analyze and combine visual
images with other sensory
experiences
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 Motor Areas
(pre-central sulcus)
• Primary motor areas Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Frontal lobes Central sulcus

• Control voluntary muscles

Motor areas involved with the control
Sensory areas involved with
of voluntary muscles
cutaneous and other senses

Concentration, planning,
problem solving

• Broca’s area
Frontal eye field
Parietal lobe
Auditory area
Sensory speech area

• Anterior to primary motor Front lobe ( Wernicke’s area)

Occipital lobe

cortex
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area) Combining
visual images,
visual recognition

• Usually in left hemisphere

Lateral sulcus
of objects
Visual area
Interpretation of auditory patterns

• Controls muscles needed for Cerebellum

speech Temporal lobe Brainstem

• Frontal eye field

• Above Broca’s area
• Controls voluntary movements
of eyes and eyelids 12
 Motor Areas
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Trunk Pelvis Trunk

Arm Neck Pelvis
Thigh
Forearm Forearm Arm Thigh

Thumb,
Leg
fingers, Hand, fingers,
and hand and thumb Leg

Upper Foot and

Foot and face toes
Facial
toes
expression Genitals
Lips

Salivation Teeth and

Vocalization gums
Mastication
Tongue and
Swallowing pharynx

Longitudinal Longitudinal
fissure fissure
(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area

Frontal lobe

Motor area

Sensory area

Central sulcus Parietal lobe

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 Hemisphere Dominance
• The left hemisphere is dominant in most individuals

• Dominant hemisphere controls: • Nondominant hemisphere controls:

• Speech • Nonverbal tasks
• Writing • Motor tasks
• Reading • Understanding and interpreting
• Verbal skills musical and visual patterns
• Analytical skills • Provides emotional and intuitive
• Computational skills thought processes

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 Memory
• Short term memory • Long term memory
• Working memory • Changes structure or
• Closed neuronal circuit function of neurons
• Circuit is stimulated over and • Enhances synaptic
over transmission
• When impulse flow ceases,
memory does also unless it
enters long-term memory via
memory consolidation

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 Basal Nuclei
• Masses of gray matter Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Deep within cerebral Longitudinal

fissure

hemispheres Caudate Right cerebral

• Caudate nucleus,
nucleus hemisphere

Basal Putamen
nuclei

putamen, and globus Globus

pallidus

pallidus
• Produce dopamine Thalamus
Cerebellum

• Control certain muscular Hypothalamus

Brainstem
activities Spinal cord

• Primarily by
inhibiting motor
functions (Note
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Parkinsons)
 Diencephalon
• Between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem
• Surrounds the third ventricle
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Superior
colliculus

• Thalamus Corpora quadrigemina

Optic chiasma
Inferior
colliculus

• Hypothalamus
Optic nerve

Pituitary gland
Thalamus

• Optic tracts
Mammillary body
Third
Optic tract
ventricle

• Optic chiasm Pons Cerebral

peduncles
Pineal gland

• Posterior pituitary Pyramidal tract

Fourth
ventricle

•Pineal gland Olive

Cerebellar
peduncles

Medulla
oblongata

Spinal cord

(a) (b)

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 Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex
• Receives all sensory impulses (except smell)
• Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for
interpretation

• Hypothalamus
• Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities
• Links nervous and endocrine systems (hence some say the
neuroendocrine system

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 Diencephalon
The Limbic System
• Consists of: • Functions:
• Portions of frontal lobe • Controls emotions
• Portions of temporal lobe • Produces feelings
• Hypothalamus • Interprets sensory impulses
• Thalamus
• Basal nuclei
• Other deep nuclei

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 Brainstem
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Hypothalamus

Three parts: Thalamus

Diencephalon

1. Midbrain
2. Pons Corpus
callosum
3. Medulla Oblongata

Corpora
quadrigemina

Midbrain
Cerebral
aqueduct
Pons

Reticular
formation
Medulla
oblongata Spinal cord 20
 Midbrain
• Between diencephalon and pons
• Contains bundles of fibers that Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior

join lower parts of brainstem and Corpora quadrigemina

colliculus

Inferior

spinal cord with higher part of Optic nerve

Optic chiasma colliculus

brain Pituitary gland

Mammillary body
Thalamus

• Cerebral aqueduct Optic tract Third

ventricle

• Cerebral peduncles (bundles of Pons Cerebral

peduncles
Pineal gland
nerve fibers) Fourth
ventricle
• Corpora quadrigemina (centers
Pyramidal tract

Olive

for visual and auditory reflexes)

Cerebellar
peduncles

Medulla
oblongata

Spinal cord

(a) (b)

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 Pons
• Rounded bulge on underside of
brainstem Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior

• Between medulla oblongata and Corpora quadrigemina

colliculus

Inferior

midbrain Optic nerve

Optic chiasma colliculus

• Helps regulate rate and Pituitary gland

Mammillary body
Thalamus

depth of breathing
Third
Optic tract
ventricle

• Relays nerve impulses to and from Pons Cerebral

peduncles

medulla oblongata and cerebellum

Pineal gland

Fourth
Pyramidal tract ventricle

Olive
Cerebellar
peduncles

Medulla
oblongata

Spinal cord

(a) (b)

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 Medulla Oblongata
• Enlarged continuation of
spinal cord Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior

• Conducts ascending and Corpora quadrigemina

colliculus

Inferior

descending impulses between Optic nerve

Optic chiasma colliculus

brain and spinal cord

Pituitary gland
Thalamus
Mammillary body
Third
• Contains cardiac, Optic tract
ventricle

vasomotor, and respiratory Pons Cerebral

peduncles
Pineal gland

control centers Pyramidal tract

Fourth
ventricle

• Contains various nonvital Olive

Cerebellar

reflex control centers peduncles

Medulla
(coughing, sneezing, oblongata

swallowing, and vomiting) Spinal cord

(a) (b)

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 Reticular Formation
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• Complex network of nerve Hypothalamus

Diencephalon
fibers scattered throughout the Thalamus

brain stem
• Extends into the diencephalon Corpus
• Connects to centers of callosum

hypothalamus, basal nuclei,

cerebellum, and cerebrum
• Filters incoming sensory Corpora
quadrigemina
information
• Arouses cerebral cortex into Midbrain Cerebral
state of wakefulness Pons
aqueduct

Reticular
formation
Medulla
oblongata Spinal cord
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 Types of Sleep
• Slow wave • Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
• Non-REM sleep • Paradoxical sleep
• Person is tired • Some areas of brain active
• Decreasing activity of • Heart and respiratory rates
reticular system irregular
• Restful • Dreaming occurs
• Dreamless
• Reduced blood pressure and
respiratory rate
• Ranges from light to heavy
• Alternates with REM sleep
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 Cerebellum
• Inferior to occipital lobes
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• Posterior to pons and medulla Longitudinal

fissure

oblongata
• Two hemispheres Thalamus
Corpus callosum

• Vermis connects hemispheres

• Cerebellar cortex (gray matter)Superior peduncle

• Arbor vitae (white matter) Pons

Cerebellum

• Cerebellar peduncles (nerve fiber Middle peduncle

Inferior peduncle

tracts) Medulla oblongata

• Dentate nucleus (largest nucleus in

cerebellum)
• Integrates sensory information
concerning position of body parts
• Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
• Maintains posture
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