Database

Lecture -1
Lecture Overview
 Database Definition
 Comparison between File Processing approach
and Database
 Advantages and disadvantages of Databases
 Database users
 Some common terms
 Data, information and DBMS
What is a
Database
 Database definition
A database is a shared collection of logically
related data that is stored to meet the
requirements of different users of an
organization
The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management
Marketing

Planning Control Product

Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
 History
 File Processing System:
 A collection of Programs that perform services for
the end-users such as production of reports
 Each Program defines and manages its own data.
 File Processing Systems

Each Program defines and manages its own data

 File Processing Systems
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Duplication of Data lead toVulnerable to Inconsistency

 File based system problems
 Data separation and isolation
 Limited Sharing
 Limited data Security
 Data duplication
 Incompatible data (different file formats)
 Database Approach

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Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

University
Students
Database
Advantages of Database Approach
 Advantages
1.Data Security

2.Data Sharing
3.Controlled Redundancy
4.Better Data Integrity

5.Control concurrency
6.Backup and recovery
 Disadvantages of Database
system

 The cost of implementation

 The amount of effort needed to transfer data into
the database from a current system
 The impact on the whole company if the database
fails (even if only for a relatively short period).
Database Users
Database Users
 End users
 People whose jobs require access to the database such as
student connect to university web site to add course
 they use the data for queries, reports and some of them actually
update the database content.
 application programmers
 Person who write code to develop applications that
communicate GUI with the database
 Example ‫ب وابة ا لجامع ة‬
 Database Users
 Database administrators (DBA) are responsible for:
 Authorizing access to the database
 Acquiring software and hardware resources
 Routine Maintenance
 Backups, Monitoring disk space and jobs running
 Database designers are responsible for:
 Identifying the data to be stored
 Choosing appropriate structures to represent and store
this data
 Common Terms
 Data
 Information

 Database Management system (DBMS)

Data vs information
 Data: Facts concerning things, such as people,
objects, or events
 Example: Student data of birth
 Information: Data that have been processed and
presented in a form suitable for human
interpretation
 Example : Student Age
Database Management System (DBMS):

 DBMS is : A software system that enables users

to define, create, maintain, and control access to
the database.

 Examples of DBMS:
 Access, Oracle, MySQL, SyBase, SQL Server,..
 Functions of DBMS
1. Data Processing
2. A User Accessible Catalog
3. Transaction Support
4. Concurrency Control Services
5. Recovery Services
6. Authorization Services
7. Support for Data Communication
8. Integrity Services
 System Catalog
 Is a repository of information describing the data in
the DB: it’s the “data about the data” or metadata
example, the system catalog stores:
 names, types and sizes of data items;
 names of relationships;
 integrity constraints on the data;
 names of authorized users who have access to the data;
 the data items that each can access and the type of
access allowed; for example, insert, delete, update, or
select;
Database
Lecture - 2
 Lecture Overview
 Database Architecture
 Data Independence
 Database
Architecture
 Three-Schema Architecture
and Data Independence
 External or view level
 Describes part of the database that a particular
user group is interested
 Conceptual level
 Describes structure of the whole database for a
community of users
 Internal level
 Describes physical storage structure of the
database
The Three-Level Architecture
 External View
 Each user has different views of the same data e.g.
date, time
 Virtual/calculated data: that is not actually stored in the
database but is created when needed e.g. age,
statistical data
 External schema evolves as user needs are modified
over time
 users
Employee Data Workers
First Name: Rand Name: R. Ahmed
Last Name: Ahmed Age: 24y,10d
Date of Birth: Dept: Sales
12 Sep, 1970 External Level

Conceptual Level

Name DoB Salary Dept

Rand Ahmed 12/09/70 5000 Sales
Alaa Wasfi 29/02/80 4500 Accounting
 Level 2 :Conceptual Level
 This level describes what data level is stored in the
database and the relationships among the data.
 Conceptual Level Relatively constant.
 Conceptual Level does not include details of how data
is stored or how operations are implemented
 Level 3: Internal Level
 The physical representation of the database on the computer. This level
describes how the data is stored in the physical device
 It concerns
 storage space allocation for data and indexes;
 record descriptions for storage (with stored sizes for data items);
 record placement;
 data compression and data encryption techniques.
Last Name: Ahmed Age: 24y,10d
Date of Birth: Dept: Sales
12 Sep, 1970

Name DoB Salary DepId

Rand Ahmed 12/09/70 5000 Sales
Alaa Wasfi 29/02/80 4500 Accounting

Rand Ahmed 120970 5000 Sales……………………..

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 Data
Independence
 Data Independence
 Changes in lower level do not affect the upper
levels

 Data Independence Types

1. Logical Data Independence
2. Physical Data Independence
 Logical Data Independence
 Changes in conceptual level do not affect the external views
 Immunity of external level from changes at conceptual level
 Types of Changes
 Adding a new attribute in a table
 Changing type/size
 Deleting an attribute
Physical Data Independence
 Changes in the internal model do not affect the conceptual
model
 Immunity of Conceptual level from changes at Internal level
 Types of Changes Examples
 Index implementation, etc.
 Changing storage medium