Multiplexing

•One transmitter sending one signal over one channel

(or a medium) to one receiver.

•To efficiently utilize the bandwidth of the channel,

we often want to send multiple signals over one
channel.
 Multiplexing

•Multiplexing is the process of sharing a single communication

channel (or medium) for transmission of multiple signals.

•The channel (or medium or link) can be a wire or free

space
Types
Frequency Division Multiplexing

• Multiples signals share the same channel within

the channel’s bandwidth
• Each signal is modulated to a different carrier
frequency
• Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not
overlap (guard bands)
• e.g. broadcast radio
• Channel allocated even if no data
FDM Diagram
FDM System
Hierarchy of FDM schemes

• Group
— 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
— Range 60kHz to 108kHz
• Supergroup
— 60 channel
— FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612
kHz
• Mastergroup
— 10 supergroups
 Time Division Multiplexing
• Data is broken up into frames and assigned to time slots.
• Each signal uses the entire bandwidth of the channel
when transmitting.
• On the receiving end, the demultiplexing process requires
synchronization of the frames. This is often accomplished
through a sync pulse.
• Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed
• Time slots allocated even if no data
• To help detecting transmission errors, additional error
detection code (i.e. parity bits) may be added to each
frame.
Time Division Multiplexing
TDM System
Digital Carrier Systems
• Hierarchy of TDM
• Multiplexes 24 channels
• Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one
framing bit
• 193 bits per frame