Group -2

Member:
Nourin Nahar (Leader) -
19231094
Sumaiya Azim -
19231010
Israt Jannat -
19231002
Mahraj Munjarin Al-Moti -
19231004
Arham Abrar -
19231090
Seroyshi Paul -
 Influential Leaders
Of
Human History

( TIMELINE : 1-569 A.D. )

 Notable Inventions

Paper -105 AD Magnetic compass -80 AD Abacus -190 AD Tea – 220 AD

 THE 1 CENTURY
ST

During this period, Europe, North Africa

The 1st
and the Near East fell under increasing
century saw
domination by the Roman Empire
the
appearance
of
China continued to be dominated Christianity
by the Han Dynasty

2
195 CE
First Parthian war.
197 CE - 198 CE
Second Parthian war.
Artabanus III of Parthia 10-40 A.D
Vologases I of Parthia  51-77 A.D
Pacorus II 78-105 A.D
Vologases III of Parthia 105-148 A.D
Vologases IV of Parthia  148-191 A.D
 The early part of
the century was
shaped by
Constantine
the Great

 Became the first

Roman emperor
to adopt
Christianity
Western half is still Lead by Constantine the great
unbroken 306-337 A.D.
 Shapur II 309 to 379.

Kavadh I 488 to 531

Khosrow I  531 to 579
SUCCESSFUL IN BOTH MILITARY AND
KHOSROW
ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES KHOSRAU WOULD
BECOME THE IRANIAN IDEAL OF A KING.

In the Middle East, the Parthian empire has been replaced by

the more effective Sassanid Empire.
Pompeii
Pompeii was an ancient Roman
city of Italy.

Buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 2 ft)

of volcanic ash in the eruption of
Mount Vesuvius
UNESCO
2.5 million
World
visitors
Heritage
Site
annually
 THE 2nd CENTURY
 Roman Empire attained its greatest expansion under the
emperor Trajan.
 Removal of the Jews from Jerusalem during the reign of
Hadrian.
 Han Dynasty of China was firmly cemented into power
during the first half of the century.
 But in the second half there was corruption and open
rebellion.
12
  A peasant revolt in China against the
Eastern Han dynasty
 It took 21 years until the uprising was
fully suppressed.
 Got its name from the color of the cloths
that the rebels wore on their heads.
14
 THE 3 rd
CENTURY

The Han
The Assassination
Dynasty comes
Roman of the Roman to an end with
Empire Emperor establishment of
saw a Severus the Three
Alexander Kingdoms in
crisis
ancient China
15
Gupta Empire was on Korea was ruled by
the rise towards the Japan entered the
the Three Kingdoms
end of the century of Korea Kofun period
 The 5th century is noted for being a period of
migration and political instability throughout
Eurasia.

 In China, the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms

continued.

Towards the end of the 5th century, the Gupta

Empire of India was invaded from Central Asia and
17
occupied by elements of the Huna peoples.
 Beginning of the 
Bengali Calendar
 

or
(বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdô or Banggabda).

20
 EMPIRES
ROMAN EMPIRE BYZANTINE EPIRE

HAN EMPIRE SASSANID EPIRE

PARTHIAN EMPIRE GUPTA EPIRE

1 A.D. – 300 300 A.D. –

A.D. 500 A.D.
Regions of Reign
France Italy China
Pakistan
Israel
India Vietnam

PRESENT WORLD
 Other Notable events in the timeline
 350–399 AD: Roman
empire permanently divided.

 1–49 AD: Birth of Jesus

Christ, Crucifixion of Jesus,
 200–249: Persian (Sassanid)
Buddhism introduced to China. empire re-established. End of  450–499 AD:
Han dynasty founded in China Chinese Han dynasty
Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy
established by Theodoric the
Great

 250–299 AD: Develop  500–549 AD: Plague

 50–99 AD: Jews revolt
hieroglyphic writing, spreads through Europe,
against Rome; Jerusalem
advances in art, architecture, Justinian I, the Great becomes
destroyed , Colosseum built in
science. Byzantine emperor
Rome
 Augustus Jesus christ Trung sisters

63 BC – 14 AD 4 BC – 30AD 12 AD – 43 AD
 Trajan Kanishka Cao Cao

35 AD – 117 AD 127 AD – 150 AD 155 AD – 220 AD

Constantine the great Chandragupta ii Clovis i

272 AD – 337 AD 380 AD – 415 AD 466 AD – 511 AD

 Octavian Augustus

1
 THE 1 ROMAN
st

EMPEROR

2
 ‘Master of the Horse’

Julius Octavius
Caesar Augustus
 Augustus

Antony

Lepidus
4
Western Eastern Southern
6
Law governed the Kept control over the
people not provinces through
arbitrary decisions Legends
The Senate gave him the title
‘AUGUSTUS’
Reforms
Of
Augustus
 Augustus imposed
consistent, direct taxation on
Made Tax the provinces

Reforms Greatly increased Rome’s

Ending Net Revenue
private
exploitation
by local Established a STABLE
tax
officials
RELATIONSHIP between
Rome and its
provinces.
Separate Police and Firefighter
force
Founded the Pratorian Guard

Protected
the
Border
Improved Food security of the
locals
He personally financed a Network of roads so that
news and troops can travel easily throughout the
realm

Under Augustus many of Rome's Public buildings

were constructed
What makes Augustus A
GREAT LEADER ?
 GOLDEN AGE

16
Peace with the
Parthian Empire
&
Peace between
Populares and Ending in 180 C.E.
Optimates.
 PAX ROMANA
( Roman Peace )

18
 I found Rome a
city of bricks and
left it a city of
marbles
- Octavian Augustus

19
What can we LEARN from AUGUSTUS ?

Risk Taking Political Skills Military Skills

 Maintained a Balance

SENATE MILITARY
He was brutal, but not psychopath

Strong Leader - Raising army from the

age of 19

Capable Ruler - 40 years of rule

He was wealthy but did not scorn money.

Donated wealth to the Roman treasury
HE PROVED :

01 03
02
Age is Be Suppress
Ambitious your
Just a &
Number Ego &
Take risks be
Patient
2
 Jesus
(4 BC – AD 30/33)
 Jesus of gospels vs. jesus of history

⬗ Before Enlightenment, gospels

were the only accurate account
⬗ The accounts of other religious
communities were not popular
⬗ After research distinction between
the two has been drawn

51
 Jesus from different persepectives

Christian Jewish Muslim

52
 Jesus From Different Perspectives

Christian Muslim Jewish

Worshipped as the Seen as a messenger of Denied of being God

incarnation of God, Allah sent with a holy or his mediator and
the Son and the scripture to guide Bani criticized for leading
second of the Holy Isra’il Jews away from their
Trinity own Lord to a different
God

53
 .

Evolution of the
Early Judean
Ministry
(In accordance to The
Gospels)
 Capernaum
(ruled by Herold Antipas)

Jerusalem
(roman province of Judea)

55
 Footsteps of
Jesus
(in accordance to the
gospels)

56
 Footsteps of Jesus
(in present world)

57
How was Jesus as a
leader?
What were his qualities and strategies?
 A relationship Engaged crisis
Not self-promoting
builder head-on

Expressed control
A strategic team
and authority as a Empowered Others
builder
leader when needed

59
 “
⬗ Jesus cast a vision,
with clarity, simplicity,
and directness
-Mark 1:15

60
 .

.
.

Teachings
of God

Teachings
of Jesus
Unique
Value of
People

Love for
Humanity

61
 Has Jesus influenced
our world?

62
 ⬗ Provided people ⬗ Opened the
faith and hope doors for the
⬗ Provided them existence of
with answers Christianity
about life
⬗ Played a major
role in the
progression of
Islam
63
 Christianity and
Islam being the
most widespread
religions in the
world at present

Influence is also evident

in the widespread of both
Christianity and Islam
64
 What can we learn from
⬗ . Jesus?
Trưng Sisters
Brief History :

Birth: 12 AD
Death: 43 AD
Reign: 40 AD to 43 AD
Daughters of a powerful Vietnamese military
leader(Me Linh)
Their mother's name was Man Thien
Excelled in both literature and martial arts
 Vietnam Before
Han Empire Rule

Vietnam During
Han Empire Rule
 Trưng Trắc
Queen
• Older sister
• Husband, Thi Sách, killed by The
Trưng Nhị Chinese

Vice-regent

National Heroes of Vietnam

 “Foremost, I will avenge my
country,
Second, I will restore the Hung
lineage,
Third, I will avenge the death of
my husband,
Lastly, I vow that these goals
will be accomplished.”
Revolt:
Two sisters on elephants
Reign: 40 AD to 43 AD

Army of 80,000 warriors

36 female generals
(including their mother)
liberated their own village
forced the Chinese out of 65 cities
Vietnamese version of the Trung Queens’ territory
Vietnam under Trung sisters
End of Revolt & Death
Ma Yuan and his army
• 10,000 troops
• A support fleet to the
south
• In April or May, 43 AD
Whether the sisters
were killed in battle or
later put on trial is
unclear
Reasons for Winning: Reasons for Losing:

• Firm determination • A support fleet to

• Highly skilled the south
warriors • Desertion by
• 80,000 warriors warriors
• Underestimated by • 10,000 troops
Han Empire • Ma Yuan
because most of overestimated
them were women them
 Accomplishments:
• Abolished the taxes which were
crippling their people
• Restored many of the
Vietnamese traditions
• Creation of the first royal
government of Vietnam, along
with the expulsion of the
Chinese
Leadership Qualities:

Fairness

Dedicati
Wisdom
on
What
have we
learnt?
Gender
Loyalty
Equality
Promoting
peace and
prosperity
• An annual holiday called Hai Ba Trung day

Legacy:
• Temples
• Statues
• Yearly festival
• Stories
• Poems
• Plays
• Postage
• Stamps
• Posters
• 200 years after the
Trung sisters’ death ,
three kingdom period of
220 AD to 280 AD , Lady
Trieu led a rebellion in
248 AD
TRAJAN
 Felicior Augusto,
melior Traiano
English: be luckier than Augustus and better
than Trajan
Trajan’s conquests
 Dacian conquest (Romania)
1st War: 101–102 AD

2nd War: 105–106 AD

Trajan led 150,000 soldiers in

Dacia the first &
200,000 soldiers in the
second war

Dacia became an important

14-20% of Dacian Roman province bringing wealth
territories annexed by to Rome through its gold mines
Roman Empire
Parthian Campaigns (115-117)
Parthian Campaigns (115-117)

VS

Armenia Mesopotamia
ANNEXATION OF NABATEAN KINGDOM (Arabian Peninsula)

ROMAN EMPIRE ARABIAN

PROVINCE
Roman Empire at its maximum extent under
Trajan’s Rule
 BRITAIN
ARMENIA

ROMANIA

GREECE IRAQ
SPAIN KUWAIT
SYRIA
ALGERIA
TURKEY
TUNISIA
MOROCCO

EGYPT
ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER TRAJAN ACROSS 3 CONTINENTS
 Trajan
PHILANTHROPIC longest period of stability
RULER A RULER WHO
RULED LESS BY OPTIMUS
A VIRTUOUS FEAR SOCIAL
Alimenta
WISE WELFARE
PAGAN SOLDIER
EMPEROR POLICIES
NO ABANDON SLAVE KIND
POLICY
RUTHLESS BOOST THE
URBAN • PROHIBITED WASTEFUL
PUBLIC BUILDING ECONOMIES EXPENDITURE ON
NO TREASON FESTIVALS
PROGRAMS TRIALS  • REDUCED TAX
PUBLIC BUILDING
PROGRAMS
TRAJAN’S FORUM (Public Squares)
• Imperial Forum was the center of Roman Empire

FORUM MAP FORUM DURING DAY FORUM AT NIGHT

TRAJAN’S MARKET
• Thought to be World’s first and oldest shopping mall
• Arcades of the market believed by many to be administrative offices
for Emperor Trajan
TRAJAN’S COLUMN
• The structure is about
115 feet in height

• To commemorate Dacian
War victory

• 155 scenes battle scenes

TRAJAN’S BRIDGE
• One of the greatest achievements in Roman architecture
• For more than 1,000 years it was the longest arch bridge in both
total and span length.
Trajan in numbers:

0 Had no child, adopted Hadrian

1st Non Roman Emperor, Hispania born

2nd
Nerva Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius
Trajan in numbers:
Trajan in numbers:
98AD Became the Roman Emperor as Nerva’s
adoptive son

117AD died on August 8

 Kanishka
(127-151)

• King of Kings
• Son of God, Shah
• Father’s name VIMA KADPHISES
• Ruler from KUSHAN DYNASTY
•  Ascended the Kushan
throne in 78 CE
• Follower of BUDDHISM

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee

Kushan Empire---Who Were They?
• The Kushan Empire started as a branch
of the Yuezhi, the origin is from China.
• Some scholars connect the Kushans
with the Tocharians of the Tarim Basin
in China, Caucasian people whose
blonde or red-haired mummies have
long puzzled observers.

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee

LOCATION
The Kushan
 

Empire in South
Asia originally
formed in the
early 1st century
CE, in the
territories of
ancient Bactria,
around the Oxus
River in Central
Asia
© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee
© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee
© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee
By using the ‘SILK ROUTE’ they
used to trade art, crops, horse,
luxury goods, golds, silver etc.

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee

 Kanishka and Buddhism
• Kanishka belonged to little Yuehi-
Chi section of the horde. The
capital during his period was
Purusyapura where he built many
Buddhist buildings.
• Kanishka was the active patron of
Buddhist Church during the later
part of his reign.
• 700 feet high stupa- Buddha’s
remains
© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee
The coins during his rule prove that he honoured a medley of Gods -
Zoroastrian, Greek, Mitraic and Indian.
The prominent Indian deity was God Shiva.
This Kushan king also convened a council of Buddhist theologians to settle
disputes relating to Buddhist faith and practices.

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee

 KANISKA……A Great Leader
• Made own language for KUSHAN EMPIRE
• Had two capitals based on seasons
1. Purushapura (Peshawar, PAKISTAN)
2. Mathura (INDIA)

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee

Also had a SUMMER Capital in
BAGRAM
This are known as BAGRAM TREASURE

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee

• Was tolerant to all other religions in his empire. He honored the
Zoroastrian, Greek and Brahmanic deities.

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee

The conclusions of Kaniskha council were engraved on
copper sheets and preserved in the stupa of the capital.
Delegates to the council primarily belonged to the
Hinayana sect.

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee

 155AD- 220AD

Cao Cao
A military dictator of China
• Birth: 155 AD
• Death: Aged 65 in 220 AD
• His reign has started after the end of “Han Dynasty”
• Considered as an excellent strategist ruler and poet.
• He had 25 sons, the most famous being his sons
Cao Pi and Cao Zhi.
• Cao Cao governed a large area of northern China.
• After the end of Han Dynasty he captured three kingdoms
Wei, Shu, and Wu.
• He is portrayed as the Villain of the popular 14th century
CE epic the “Romance Of the three kingdoms”.
• He is traditionally represented as a
cunning and deceitful general in
classical Chinese literature.

• He is the self-appointed imperial

ruler of Han Dynasty and later
formed his own state.

• The life of Cao Cao was recorded in

his own book,
“Apologia", written in 210-211 CE .

• This is one of the earliest

autobiographies from ancient China.
• His life was also a
subject of a celebrated
novel from the “ Ming
Dynasty” the Romance
of the three kingdoms,
where he is the
deliciously
Machiavellian villain of
the piece.
Famous Chinese expression
“speak of Cao Cao and he
appears” which is broadly
similar to “speak of the devil’’
in English.

“Any who stand in my ways

shall be cut down.”

“I remain myself. I have never

cared about others misjudging
me.”
 Revolts
184 AD
The Yellow Turban Rebellion breaks out when
local government offices are attacked across
China

205 AD
Cao Cao takes over the former Han government
and appoints himself chancellor in effect, a
military dictator

215 AD
Cao Cao represses for good the Yellow Turban
Rebellion
 Leadership Qualities

Great
politician

Great
Dedication
vision

Great Multiples
military talents in
strategy literature

Administrative
skills
 Business lessons from Cao Cao’s life

• Talent is as important as money

• Reputation is an important asset
• There’s a right time to seek help
• Find the whys in life
• Anyone may lose everything one day
• Never let external pressures force you to do
something
• It is okay to fail
Constantine The Great
Zeno
272AD-337AD
495 BC – 430 BC
Diocletian (284AD- 305AD)

21 years
Diocletian became emperor in 284 and started the Roman
Tetrarchy ruling system.

Manages to retire and force his co-Augustus, Maximian, to

retire with him (305)

Constantine’s father Constantius became Augustus

Constantius

Maximian
Diocletian
 Constantine’s key battle was against Maxentius.

 Constantine credited his victory to a vision he had in which he was told to go

into battle with the Christian symbol

 Troops Carried the Chi-Rho symbol with them.

 By 313 Constantine captured all of the

Empire and officially declared that
Christianity was to be tolerated

Chi-rho symbol
 Constantine and Church in Rome
 Before he left, he gave most of the Rome to the Pope
• He gave the land and buildings of his enemies to Pope

 Church overnight became the most important landholder in Rome

• Converted pagan temples into Christian churches.
 Constantine the Great and the Church

Built church Formed Nicene

Established
with his creed to resolve the
New Rome:
mother, Helen. Arian controversy
Constantinople
Christian Sunday as a Crucifixion
clergy given day of rest prohibited
tax relief

Major Social Changes in 4th century Due to Constantine and his Successors

Churches Christian could not

charge another
could
Christian interest on
receive a loan
legacies
The Nicene Creed is a statement of belief widely used in
Christian ritual. It is called Nicene because it was
originally adopted in the city of Nicaea by the First
Council of Nicaea

Constantine Called the 1st council of Nicaea in

325 at which the Nicene Creed was professed by
Christians
II
• Ramagupta succeeds their father, Samudragupta.
• Ramagupta was defeated by his enemy, The Shaka.
• Chandragupta dethroned Ramagupta.
• Ramagupta succeeds their father, Samudragupta.
• Ramagupta was defeated by his enemy, The Shaka.
• Chandragupta dethroned Ramagupta.

• He campaigned through the subcontinent.

• Established alliance though matrimony.
• Ramagupta succeeds their father, Samudragupta.
• Ramagupta was defeated by his enemy, The Shaka.
• Chandragupta dethroned Ramagupta.

• He campaigned through the subcontinent.

• Established alliance though matrimony.

• He fought with vigor.

• He ruled peacefully.
• He extended his rule in every direction but the South.
• He added the title Vikramaditya (Son of Power) to his title.
• All his achievements can be found inscribed on a famous
iron pillar in Delhi, still clear to this day.
• Hindus still follow Vikram Samvat which celebrates the
beginning of his rule.
• He welcomed foreigners and different cultures.
• He established trade with Egypt and other western
countries.
• He allowed Chinese pilgrim to spend 11 years during
his time to study Sanskrit and write about the
prosperity during his time.
Clovis I
 Who was Clovis
I?
•Clovis was the first king of
the Franks.
What do we know about Clovis I?

• United all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler,

• Changed the form of leadership from a Group of Royal
Chieftains to rule by a Single King .
• Ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs. This is
called Hereditary monarchy.
• Founder of the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled for the next two
centuries.
What do we know about Clovis I?
• son of Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks, and
Basina, Queen of Thuringia.

• Succeeded his father in 481, at the age of

fifteen.

• Conquered the remaining Western Roman

Empire at the Battle of Soissons (486),

• Conversion to Christianity in 496, led to

widespread conversion ,religious unification,
the birth of the early Holy Roman Empire.
 How did Clovis consolidate the Franks?
• secured an alliance with the Ostrogoths through the
marriage of his sister.

• With other Frankish sub-kings, he defeated

the Alamanni in the Battle of Tolbiac in 496.

• turned against the Roman commanders

• had the Frankish king Chararic imprisoned and

Executed
• killed Ragnachar, the Frankish king of Cambrai.
• conquered all the Frankish kingdoms to the west of
the River Maas
 How did Clovis consolidate the Franks?

• Clovis continued his war with the

Visigoths with support of his people and
the church, defeating them at the Battle
of Vouille in 507

• With his realm secure, Clovis elected Alaric II

to rule his united empire from Paris.

• Theodoric would prevent Clovis’s attempts

to expand his domain and secured the
former Visigothic lands for himself.
 How did Clovis come to power?

• Numerous small Frankish kingdoms existed during the 5th century.

• The Salian Franks occupied the area in what is now the
Netherlands and Belgium.
Cl ovis I
• Childeric I, became king in 457 upon the death of Merovech, grandson of
M erovech
ruling over lands he had received as a foederatus of the Romans.

Childeric I-
• In 463 he fought in conjunction with Aegidius defeted father of
the Visigoths in Orleans. Clovis

• Childeric died; Clovis succeeded him as

king.
 Conquests of Clovis
between 481 and
511 AD
Battle of Tolbiac

Clovis I leading the

Franks to victory in the
Battle of Tolbiac , in
19th century painting
The Baptism of Clovis by Saint
Remigius
• converted to Christianity
• was baptized on Christmas
Day, 496,
• a statue of him being
baptized by Saint Remigius
can still be seen there.
• Event important as he is
seen as the last of the pagan
kings
Tomb of Clovis I

Tomb of Clovis I
at the Basilica
of St Denis in
Saint Denis
Frankish territories at
the time of Clovis' death

• After his death, his sons

divided the kingdom
among themselves.

• This led to the different

sections and cultures
and identities, and also
disunity.
 What is the Legacy of Clovis I ?
• Clovis’s kingdom included Roman Gaul and parts of western Germany influencing
country borders

• The French consider him the Founder of France

• History would Latinize his name to Louis; and remain popular in French culture to the
present.

• Kingdom that was a blend Roman and Germanic cultures: language, worship, and law.

• His conversion to Christianity made him ally of the papacy and its protector.