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What is Embedded Systems ?
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer
system designed to perform one or a few dedicated
functions, often with real-time computing constraints.
Memory
Input Output
Processor
• Controlling System
- Human driver: Sensors - Eyes and Ears of the driver.
- Computer: Sensors - Cameras, Infrared receiver, and
Laser telemeter.
Sophisticated applications
writing one large program does not suffice
multiple operations at widely varying times
a single program , unwieldy
two fundamental abstractions
the process and the operating system
process defines the state of an executing program
OS provides the mechanism for switching
satisfy complex timing requirements
events happening at very different rates
take real time into account
by Marley [Mar78]
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Embedded vs. Real Time Systems
Examples?
Event-driven, reactive.
High cost of failure.
Concurrency/multiprogramming.
Stand-alone/continuous operation.
Reliability/fault-tolerance requirements.
Predictable behavior.
• Soft real-time — systems where deadlines are important but which will
still function correctly if deadlines are occasionally missed. E.g. Data
acquisition system.
• Real real-time — systems which are hard real-time and which the
response times are very short. E.g. Missile guidance system.
• Firm real-time — systems which are soft real-time but in which there is no
benefit from late delivery of service.
A single system may have all hard, soft and real real-time subsystems.
In reality many systems will have a cost function associated with missing each
deadline
•To search for objects of interest in it’s coverage area, the radar scans
the area by pointing its antenna in one direction at a time.
•It sends a short radio frequency pulse and collects and examines the
echo signal returning to antenna.
•If there is a reflective object at distance ‘x’ from antenna, the echo
signal reflected returns approximately 2x/c seconds after transmitted
pulse and is stronger than when there is no reflected signal.
x(k) =